Nota: Antes de iniciar o texto, gostaria de fazer um comentário importante. O assunto motivação, sacrifício e mérito é extremamente delicado. Vivemos em um país onde já é um privilégio enorme ter a chance de escolher com o que usar o seu tempo e se esforçar. Portanto, tudo que eu disser abaixo deve ser entendido no contexto de pessoas que querem aprender alguma habilidade, passar em alguma prova e consomem conteúdos motivacionais de forma excessiva, procurando uma via de escape para lidar com a pressão. Meu ponto gira em torno da minha opinião de que, na verdade, os vídeos motivacionais podem estar te levando para a direção oposta de onde você quer chegar. Eu não acredito em meritocracia.

Eu me aventurei em alguns esportes durante a vida, mas o jiu-jitsu foi o que mais gostei e pratiquei por mais tempo. Nesse período, mesmo sendo um hobbie, eu levava o esporte a sério. Tentava sempre treinar o máximo de dias possíveis, consumia materiais com dicas, chegava antes do treino para praticar posições e buscava aprender e trabalhar as deficiências que eu notava no meu jogo.

Tá, mas o que isso tem a ver com motivação? Bem, a cultura do ambiente esportivo me ensinou muita coisa que tem aplicação em diversas áreas da vida. No fundo, aprimorar suas habilidades em algo é simplesmente um processo de aprendizado como qualquer outro. Mas, no esporte e na competição, a cultura da motivação e do sacrifício certamente se sobressai. Entre meus colegas praticantes, eu notava muita gente motivada, sempre com uma frase de efeito na ponta da língua, insistindo em bater na tecla de como estavam se doando e se levando ao extremo e, por isso, acreditavam que seriam recompensados. Mas será que foram mesmo? Não há dúvidas de que estavam submetendo o corpo a algum tipo de estresse. Porém, no quesito progresso, estavam sempre parados no tempo. O esforço deles era mal direcionado, e esforço sem direção não é progresso, é desperdício de energia.

Aposto que você encontra exemplos parecidos ao seu redor e talvez até caia nessa armadilha em alguma área da sua vida. É comum acreditar que sacrifício e merecimento andam de mãos dadas. Essa cultura é fortíssima no esporte e, eu diria, também bastante presente no ambiente de estudos, especialmente durante o ensino médio, para quem presta concursos e até na graduação.

Aqui entra meu problema com os vídeos de motivação. Eles passam a ideia de que uma conquista precisa andar de mãos dadas com um caminho de dor. E o pior, geralmente passam a falsa impressão de que você é especial, que seu trabalho e suor valem mais que os dos outros. De novo: já é um privilégio enorme ter a chance de escolher com o que se sacrificar. Se o ato de se colocar em situações de estresse fosse minimamente associado a ter retorno, o brasileiro médio seria imbatível.

Um vídeo motivacional pode ser útil para lembrar de algum propósito. O problema está quando ele desperta em você uma sensação de superioridade e te faz acreditar que o que te falta é se sacrificar mais, levando à falsa ideia de que, por levar seu corpo a um estresse maior, você merece mais do que os outros. Um exemplo clássico, deixar de ir ao aniversário de um amigo querido porque precisa estudar. Salvo casos extremos, como quando a prova é no dia seguinte e você precisa descansar, se algumas horas com amigos atrapalham seu processo, na minha opinião, você está fazendo tudo errado.

O conteúdo motivacional te cega para os reais problemas que deveria enfrentar durante seu processo de aprendizado. Isso deveria ser óbvio, já que o vídeo é sempre genérico e você é uma pessoa única. Mas, como o conteúdo é feito para te fazer sentir especial, você sempre sai com a impressão de que ele foi feito pensando em você. Às vezes, você até os usa como refúgio para não lidar com as questões importantes.

A melhor forma de fazer progresso é por meio do autoconhecimento e da autocrítica. É preciso lidar com suas dificuldades e reconhecer onde investir tempo. Esse é o ponto mais importante. As coisas podem ser difíceis, mas não precisam ser estressantes. Se direcionar sua energia para os problemas corretos, o progresso virá, independentemente do que os outros estão fazendo. Isso não significa que não haverá sacrifício. Para tudo que exige dedicação, há escolhas, e o ato de escolher já é, por si só, uma forma de sacrifício.

Por exemplo, no jiu-jitsu, eu identificava meus pontos fracos, montava um plano de treinos para praticar as posições e tentava me colocar em situações reais de combate em que aquela técnica seria necessária. Com o tempo, eu melhorava exatamente no que estava travando meu progresso. Meus colegas “motivacionais”, por outro lado, chegavam atrasados, pulavam o aquecimento, alegando não oferecer desafio suficiente, e tentavam lutar apenas com os mais experientes, acreditando que o sacrifício maior os levaria a algum lugar. Escrevendo assim, até parece piada imaginar que isso funcionaria.

Essa mesma estratégia que usei no jiu-jitsu foi exatamente o que aprendi a fazer durante a graduação e a pós-graduação. Todos esses estágios são processos individuais. Não adianta copiar o método de estudo do fulano nem estudar o mesmo número de horas do ciclano. É fundamental encontrar seu ritmo, identificar suas fraquezas e trabalhar a partir das suas necessidades. Dessa forma, você alinha seu investimento de esforço e, se quiser, de sacrifício com o seu progresso. Ver as coisas dando certo durante esse processo é o melhor prêmio. Não torne tudo que você faz em uma competição: na esmagadora maioria das vezes, você está apenas lutando sozinho(a).

Basear seu motivo para agir em vídeos motivacionais e ignorar a individualidade do processo é como não abrir um livro o ano inteiro, rezar três terços antes do vestibular e esperar gabaritar a prova. Cuide-se e conheça-se a ponto de saber o que precisa melhorar para seguir em frente. Progresso é individual e, quando você aprende a lidar consigo mesmo, tudo flui muito melhor.

💡 Gostou do que leu?

Se, em algum momento, este espaço te ajudou a enxergar algo por outro ângulo, entender melhor um conceito ou simplesmente despertou uma boa dúvida, você pode apoiar esse trabalho no Apoia-se. Mais do que manter o blog e os vídeos no ar, esse apoio sustenta um projeto que acredita no diálogo honesto sobre ciência, educação e vida acadêmica, sem fórmulas prontas, mas com muita vontade de compartilhar e aprender junto.

Obrigado por caminhar ao meu lado nessa jornada.

“Nunca conheci quem tivesse levado porrada. Todos os meus conhecidos têm sido campeões em tudo.

E eu, tantas vezes reles, tantas vezes porco, tantas vezes vil, Eu tantas vezes irrespondivelmente parasita, Indesculpavelmente sujo, Eu, que tantas vezes não tenho tido paciência para tomar banho, Eu, que tantas vezes tenho sido ridículo, absurdo, Que tenho enrolado os pés publicamente nos tapetes das etiquetas, Que tenho sido grotesco, mesquinho, submisso e arrogante, Que tenho sofrido enxovalhos e calado, Que quando não tenho calado, tenho sido mais ridículo ainda; Eu, que tenho sido cômico às criadas de hotel, Eu, que tenho sentido o piscar de olhos dos moços de fretes, Eu, que tenho feito vergonhas financeiras, pedido emprestado sem pagar, Eu, que, quando a hora do soco surgiu, me tenho agachado Para fora da possibilidade do soco; Eu, que tenho sofrido a angústia das pequenas coisas ridículas, Eu verifico que não tenho par nisto tudo neste mundo.

Toda a gente que eu conheço e que fala comigo Nunca teve um ato ridículo, nunca sofreu enxovalho, Nunca foi senão príncipe - todos eles príncipes - na vida…

Quem me dera ouvir de alguém a voz humana Que confessasse não um pecado, mas uma infâmia; Que contasse, não uma violência, mas uma cobardia! Não, são todos o Ideal, se os oiço e me falam. Quem há neste largo mundo que me confesse que uma vez foi vil? Ó príncipes, meus irmãos,

Arre, estou farto de semideuses! Onde é que há gente no mundo?

Então sou só eu que é vil e errôneo nesta terra?

Poderão as mulheres não os terem amado, Podem ter sido traídos - mas ridículos nunca! E eu, que tenho sido ridículo sem ter sido traído, Como posso eu falar com os meus superiores sem titubear? Eu, que venho sido vil, literalmente vil, Vil no sentido mesquinho e infame da vileza.”

• Fernando Pessoa

Toda vez que me lembro desse poema é impossível não associá-lo a minha experiência acadêmica. Eu escolhi fazer física para ver o processo humano por trás do desenvolvimento de uma ideia. Eu me entusiasmava com a possibilidade de alguém em uma sala, usando nada mais nada menos que sua cabeça, conseguir descobrir algo sobre o mundo que nos rodeia. Eu tinha dúvidas se eu também conseguiria fazer isso. Na graduação, me encontrei tantas vezes atrapalhado, cheio de incertezas, totalmente o contrário do que eu via acontecendo com as pessoas ao meu redor.

Quando você é colocado na universidade você entra em uma sala onde todos vem de uma realidade muito diferente e agora são submetidos as mesmas regras. O choque é gigantesco. Porém, conforme você tem acesso ao material e aos professores e desenvolve seu ritmo, você começa a notar sua evolução e ver como que o que separava você daqueles que você julgava tão avançados era apenas tempo e treino. Na medida que você amadurece não só seu conhecimento mas também como pessoa você sentirá sua admiração pelos outros flutuar ferozmente. Quando eu entrei eu colocava todos num pedestal de gênio. Na medida que fui estudando eu vi as coisas mudarem, vi que muitas dessas pessoas só gostavam de falar coisas simples de forma dificil.

Conforme os tópicos foram ficando mais dificeis e eu fui avançando na carreira, acabei vendo que o passo a passo é muito mais humano do que algo sobrenatural. A prática constante, a dedicação exclusiva, a repetição, formam a base do caminho e a tentativa e principalmente o erro, são os guias para o progresso. Nessa altura, relembrava minhas primeiras interações e via como a galera tinha um ego frágil, sempre focando em parecer ser inteligente e se aproveitando de como é fácil impressionar a galera mais nova.

De longe a graduação foi minha fase mais estressante. Porém, assim que entrei na pós graduação, encontrei uma atividade que eu era bom: errar e tentar de novo. Tive o privilégio de trabalhar com pesquisadores incríveis e acompanhar eles por trás das cenas. Fiz um estágio em um laboratório no exterior, tive contato com pessoas que viviam exclusivamente da pesquisa. Discuti física com ganhadores do prêmio nobel, com seus filhos, com seus colaboradores. Com as esperanças da área, com os potenciais grandes nomes. Vi eles trabalharem. Trabalhei com eles. Fiz perguntas até concluirmos que não sabíamos o que estávamos fazendo. Desafiei os arrognates. Me associei com os que eu admirava. Tive ideias. Testei elas. Errei. Tentei de novo. Publiquei um paper. Apresentei eles. Tive feedback. Melhorei.

Eu aprendi uma lição, que acredito que responde a minha pergunta inicial. Como as pessoas tem ideias? Bom, até o momento o melhor que eu tenho a te dizer é que a única maneira de fazer algo que funcione é criando várias coisas que não funcionam.

Conclui meu doutorado depois de onze anos. O título em si apenas coroa a trajetória, mas é complentemente vazio de significado se o caminho não te fez transbordar de propósito. Eu me diverti muito desde que me encontrei nesse percurso. Hoje vejo o mundo de outra forma. Hoje entendo o mundo de uma outra forma. Estou feliz por terminar, porém não deixa de ser triste, pois nos 4 anos de doutorado e no meu ano de estágio eu tinha certeza que estaria fazendo algo que gosto muito. Mas é preciso seguir em frente. Tenho mais três anos garantidos, vamos ver o que o futuro me espera.

💡 Gostou do que leu?

Se, em algum momento, este espaço te ajudou a enxergar algo por outro ângulo, entender melhor um conceito ou simplesmente despertou uma boa dúvida, você pode apoiar esse trabalho no Apoia-se. Mais do que manter o blog e os vídeos no ar, esse apoio sustenta um projeto que acredita no diálogo honesto sobre ciência, educação e vida acadêmica, sem fórmulas prontas, mas com muita vontade de compartilhar e aprender junto.

Obrigado por caminhar ao meu lado nessa jornada.

Sorry, but the page you were trying to view does not exist.

A variety of common markup showing how the theme styles them.

Header one

Header two

Header three

Header four

Header five

Header six

Blockquotes

Single line blockquote:

Quotes are cool.

Tables

Definition Lists

Definition List Title

Definition list division.

Startup

A startup company or startup is a company or temporary organization designed to search for a repeatable and scalable business model.

#dowork

Coined by Rob Dyrdek and his personal body guard Christopher “Big Black” Boykins, “Do Work” works as a self motivator, to motivating your friends.

Do It Live

I’ll let Bill O’Reilly explain this one.

Unordered Lists (Nested)

• List item one
  • List item one
    • List item one
    • List item two
    • List item three
    • List item four
  • List item two
  • List item three
  • List item four
• List item two
• List item three
• List item four

Ordered List (Nested)

1. List item one
   1. List item one
      1. List item one
      2. List item two
      3. List item three
      4. List item four
   2. List item two
   3. List item three
   4. List item four
2. List item two
3. List item three
4. List item four

Buttons

Make any link standout more when applying the .btn class.

Notices

Watch out! You can also add notices by appending {: .notice} to a paragraph.

HTML Tags

Address Tag

Anchor Tag (aka. Link)

This is an example of a link.

Abbreviation Tag

The abbreviation CSS stands for “Cascading Style Sheets”.

Cite Tag

“Code is poetry.” —Automattic

Code Tag

You will learn later on in these tests that word-wrap: break-word; will be your best friend.

Strike Tag

This tag will let you strikeout text.

Emphasize Tag

The emphasize tag should italicize text.

Insert Tag

This tag should denote inserted text.

Keyboard Tag

This scarcely known tag emulates keyboard text, which is usually styled like the <code> tag.

Preformatted Tag

This tag styles large blocks of code.

.post-title {
  margin: 0 0 5px;
  font-weight: bold;
  font-size: 38px;
  line-height: 1.2;
  and here's a line of some really, really, really, really long text, just to see how the PRE tag handles it and to find out how it overflows;
}

Quote Tag

Developers, developers, developers… –Steve Ballmer

Strong Tag

This tag shows bold text.

Subscript Tag

Getting our science styling on with H₂O, which should push the “2” down.

Superscript Tag

Still sticking with science and Isaac Newton’s E = MC², which should lift the 2 up.

Variable Tag

This allows you to denote variables.

{% include base_path %} {% for post in site.pages %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}

{% include base_path %} {% include group-by-array collection=site.posts field=”categories” %}

{% for category in group_names %} {% assign posts = group_items[forloop.index0] %}

{{ category }}

{% for post in posts %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %} {% endfor %}

{% include base_path %} {% capture written_label %}’None’{% endcapture %}

{% for collection in site.collections %} {% unless collection.output == false or collection.label == “posts” %} {% capture label %}{{ collection.label }}{% endcapture %} {% if label != written_label %} <h2 id="{{ label | slugify }}" class="archive__subtitle">{{ label }}</h2> {% capture written_label %}{{ label }}{% endcapture %} {% endif %} {% endunless %} {% for post in collection.docs %} {% unless collection.output == false or collection.label == “posts” %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endunless %} {% endfor %} {% endfor %}

{% include base_path %}

{% include cv-template.html %}

{% include base_path %}

Education

• Ph.D in Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 2025 (expected)
• Research Intership Abroad (Fellowship), Fermilab, 2023
• M.S. in Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 2020
• B.S. in Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 2018

Publications

{% for post in site.publications reversed %} {% include archive-single-cv.html %} {% endfor %}

Talks

{% for post in site.talks reversed %} {% include archive-single-talk-cv.html %} {% endfor %}

Posters

• \(\textbf{(Almost) First-principle calculation of accelerator neutrino wave packet size}\), Invisibles workshop, 2024.
• \(\textbf{Could SBND-PRISM probe lepton flavor violation?}\), Neutrino, 2024.
• \(\textbf{New limits on $W_R$ from meson decays}\), Invisibles workshop, 2023.
  \(\star\) \(\textbf{Best poster award at the workshop}\)
• \(\textbf{New limits on $W_R$ from meson decays}\), Invisibles school 2023.
• \(\textbf{New limits on $W_R$ from meson decays}\) International Neutrino Summer School 2023.

Teaching Experience

• Teaching assistant and team leader, Brazilian Physics Tournament, 2022 & 2024
• Teaching assistant, Physics I and Physics II, University of Sao Paulo, 2019-2022

Outreach

• Assistant, CERN master class, University of Sao Paulo, 2017 & 2018.
• Extension project, USP-escola, University of Sao Paulo, 2016

{% include base_path %}

Formação

• Doutorado em Física, Universidade de São Paulo, 2025 (esperado)
• Bolsa de estágio e pesquisa no exterior, Fermilab, 2023
• Mestre em Física, Universidade de São Paulo, 2020
• Bacharel em Física, Universidade de São Paulo, 2018

Publicações

{% for post in site.publications reversed %} {% include archive-single-cv.html %} {% endfor %}

Palestras

{% for post in site.talks reversed %} {% include archive-single-talk-cv.html %} {% endfor %}

Pôsteres

• \(\textbf{(Almost) First-principle calculation of accelerator neutrino wave packet size}\), Invisibles workshop, 2024.
• \(\textbf{Could SBND-PRISM probe lepton flavor violation?}\), Neutrino, 2024.
• \(\textbf{New limits on $W_R$ from meson decays}\), Invisibles workshop, 2023.
  \(\star\) \(\textbf{Best poster award at the workshop}\)
• \(\textbf{New limits on $W_R$ from meson decays}\), Invisibles school 2023.
• \(\textbf{New limits on $W_R$ from meson decays}\) International Neutrino Summer School 2023.

Experiência com ensino

• Monitor e líder de equipe, Brazilian Physics Tournament, 2022 & 2024
• Monitor, Física I e Física II, Universidade de São Paulo, 2019-2022

Atividades de extensão

• Assistente, Master class do CERN, Universidade de São Paulo, 2017 & 2018.
• Projeto de extensão, USP-escola, Universidade de São Paulo, 2016

Welcome to my page!

My name is Gustavo, and I’m a physicist from Brazil. I am currently completing my Ph.D. and will begin a joint postdoctoral position at Fermilab and Northwestern University on October 1st.

My research focuses on the unique opportunities neutrinos offer for probing physics beyond the Standard Model (SM). Several open questions in the SM, such as the origin of neutrino masses and whether neutrinos are Dirac or Majorana particles, are deeply rooted in the mysteries of the neutrino sector. Neutrinos also serve as natural interferometers due to their oscillations, providing a powerful portal into their properties and enabling the application of techniques from diverse research fields to particle physics, an interdisciplinary connection I’m eager to explore further. I am also interested in novel applications, including the use of atomic interferometers in particle physics and the study of decoherence models to investigate hidden sectors.

In addition, I am broadly interested in searches for dark sectors, from exploring the nature of dark matter to probing the possible existence of heavy sterile states. I aim to contribute to the field by proposing innovative approaches to these questions, working at the intersection of theory and experiment, and integrating ideas across disciplines in creative ways.

Bem-vindo à minha página!

Meu nome é Gustavo, sou um físico nascido em Minas Gerais. Atualmente estou concluindo meu doutorado e iniciarei uma posição de pós-doutorado conjunta no Fermilab e na Northwestern University em 1º de outubro.

Minha pesquisa se concentra nas oportunidades únicas que os neutrinos oferecem para investigar a física além do Modelo Padrão (MP). Diversas questões em aberto no MP, como a origem das massas dos neutrinos e se eles são partículas de Dirac ou de Majorana, estão profundamente ligadas aos mistérios do setor de neutrinos. Além disso, os neutrinos funcionam como interferômetros naturais devido às suas oscilações, o que proporciona uma poderosa janela para estudar suas propriedades e possibilita a aplicação de técnicas de diferentes áreas da pesquisa à física de partículas, uma conexão interdisciplinar que tenho grande interesse em explorar com mais profundidade. Também me interesso por aplicações inovadoras, como o uso de interferômetros atômicos na física de partículas e o estudo de modelos de decoerência para investigar setores ocultos.

Além disso, tenho interesse amplo no estudo de outros setores desconhecidos, desde a investigação da natureza da matéria escura até a possível existência de estados além do MP. Pretendo contribuir com o campo propondo abordagens inovadoras para essas questões, atuando na interface entre teoria e experimento e integrando ideias de diferentes áreas de forma criativa.

/*

• This file controls what is imported from /_sass *
• Note that the files are processed in the order they are imported, so they are partly sorted by the dependencies. Also, the first two lines of the file are required by Jekyll. */

@import “vendor/breakpoint/breakpoint”,

"themes",
"theme/default",
"theme/dark",

"include/mixins",
"vendor/susy/susy",

"layout/reset",
"layout/base",

"include/utilities",
"layout/tables",
"layout/buttons",
"layout/notices",
"layout/masthead",
"layout/navigation",
"layout/footer",
"syntax",

"layout/forms",

"layout/page",
"layout/archive",
"layout/sidebar",

"vendor/font-awesome/fontawesome",
"vendor/font-awesome/solid",
"vendor/font-awesome/brands" ;

{% include toc %}

Locations of key files/directories

• Basic config options: _config.yml
• Top navigation bar config: _data/navigation.yml
• Single pages: _pages/
• Collections of pages are .md or .html files in:
  • _publications/
  • _portfolio/
  • _posts/
  • _teaching/
  • _talks/
• Footer: _includes/footer.html
• Static files (like PDFs): /files/
• Profile image (can set in _config.yml): images/profile.png

Tips and hints

• Name a file “.md” to have it render in markdown, name it “.html” to render in HTML.
• Go to the commit list (on your repo) to find the last version GitHub built with Jekyll.
  • Green check: successful build
  • Orange circle: building
  • Red X: error
  • No icon: not built
• Academic Pages uses Jekyll Kramdown, GitHub Flavored Markdown (GFM) parser, which is similar to the version of Markdown used on GitHub, but may have some minor differences.
  • Some of emoji supported on GitHub should be supposed via the Jemoji plugin .
  • The best list of the supported emoji can be found in the Emojis for Jekyll via Jemoji blog post.
• While GitHub Pages prevents server side code from running, client-side scripts are supported.
  • This means that Google Analytics is supported, and the wiki should contain the most up-to-date information on getting it working.

• Your CV can be written using either Markdown (preview) or generated via JSON (preview) and the layouts are slightly different. You can update the path to the one being used in _data/navigation.yml with the JSON formatted CV being hidden by default.

• The Liquid syntax guide is a useful guide for those that want to add functionality to the template or to become contributors to the template on GitHub.

MathJax

Support for MathJax (version 3.* via jsDelivr, documentation) is included in the template:

The default delimiters of $$...$$ and \\[...\\] are supported for displayed mathematics, while \\(...\\) should be used for in-line mathematics (ex., \(a^2 + b^2 = c^2\))

Note that since Academic Pages uses Markdown which cases some interference with MathJax and LaTeX for escaping characters and new lines, although some workarounds exist. In some cases, such as when you are including MathJax in a citation field for publications, it may be necessary to use \(...\) for inline delineation.

Mermaid diagrams

Academic Pages includes support for Mermaid diagrams (version 11.* via jsDelivr) and in addition to their tutorials and GitHub documentation the basic syntax is as follows:

    ```mermaid
    graph LR
    A-->B
    ```

Which produces the following plot with the default theme applied:

graph LR
A-->B

While a more advanced plot with the forest theme applied looks like the following:

---
config:
  theme: 'forest'
---
graph TD;
    A-->B;
    A-->C;
    B-->D;
    C-->D;

Plotly

Academic Pages includes support for Plotly diagrams via a hook in the Markdown code elements, although those that are comfortable with HTML and JavaScript can also access it via those routes.

In order to render a Plotly plot via Markdown the relevant plot data need to be added as follows:

    ```plotly
    {
      "data": [
        {
          "x": [1, 2, 3, 4],
          "y": [10, 15, 13, 17],
          "type": "scatter"
        },
        {
          "x": [1, 2, 3, 4],
          "y": [16, 5, 11, 9],
          "type": "scatter"
        }
      ]
    }
    ```

Important! Since the data is parsed as JSON all of the keys will need to be quoted for the plot to render. The use of a tool like JSONLint to check syntax is highly recommended.

Which produces the following:

{
  "data": [
    {
      "x": [1, 2, 3, 4],
      "y": [10, 15, 13, 17],
      "type": "scatter"
    },
    {
      "x": [1, 2, 3, 4],
      "y": [16, 5, 11, 9],
      "type": "scatter"
    }
  ]
}

Essentially what is taking place is that the Plotly attributes are being taken from the code block as JSON data, parsed, and passed to Plotly along with a theme that matches the current site theme (i.e., a light theme, or a dark theme). This allows all plots that can be described via the data attribute to rendered with some limitations for the theme of the plot.

{
  "data": [
    {
      "x": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
      "y": [1, 6, 3, 6, 1],
      "mode": "markers",
      "type": "scatter",
      "name": "Team A",
      "text": ["A-1", "A-2", "A-3", "A-4", "A-5"],
      "marker": { "size": 12 }
    },
    {
      "x": [1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5],
      "y": [4, 1, 7, 1, 4],
      "mode": "markers",
      "type": "scatter",
      "name": "Team B",
      "text": ["B-a", "B-b", "B-c", "B-d", "B-e"],
      "marker": { "size": 12 }
    }    
  ],
  "layout": {
    "xaxis": {
      "range": [ 0.75, 5.25 ]
    },
    "yaxis": {
      "range": [0, 8]
    },
    "title": {"text": "Data Labels Hover"}
  }
}

{
  "data": [{
      "x": [1, 2, 3],
      "y": [4, 5, 6],
      "type": "scatter"
    },
    {
      "x": [20, 30, 40],
      "y": [50, 60, 70],
      "xaxis": "x2",
      "yaxis": "y2",
      "type": "scatter"
  }],
  "layout": {
    "grid": {
      "rows": 1,
      "columns": 2,
      "pattern": "independent"
    },
    "title": {
      "text": "Simple Subplot"
    }    
  }
}

{
  "data": [{
		"z": [[10, 10.625, 12.5, 15.625, 20],
          [5.625, 6.25, 8.125, 11.25, 15.625],
          [2.5, 3.125, 5.0, 8.125, 12.5],
          [0.625, 1.25, 3.125, 6.25, 10.625],
          [0, 0.625, 2.5, 5.625, 10]],
		"type": "contour"
	}],
  "layout": {
    "title": {
      "text": "Basic Contour Plot"
    }
  }
}

Markdown guide

Academic Pages uses kramdown for Markdown rendering, which has some differences from other Markdown implementations such as GitHub’s. In addition to this guide, please see the kramdown Syntax page for full documentation.

Header three

Header four

Header five

Header six

Blockquotes

Single line blockquote:

Quotes are cool.

Tables

Table 1

Table 2

Definition Lists

Definition List Title

Definition list division.

Startup

A startup company or startup is a company or temporary organization designed to search for a repeatable and scalable business model.

#dowork

Coined by Rob Dyrdek and his personal body guard Christopher “Big Black” Boykins, “Do Work” works as a self motivator, to motivating your friends.

Do It Live

I’ll let Bill O’Reilly explain this one.

Unordered Lists (Nested)

• List item one
  • List item one
    • List item one
    • List item two
    • List item three
    • List item four
  • List item two
  • List item three
  • List item four
• List item two
• List item three
• List item four

Ordered List (Nested)

1. List item one
   1. List item one
      1. List item one
      2. List item two
      3. List item three
      4. List item four
   2. List item two
   3. List item three
   4. List item four
2. List item two
3. List item three
4. List item four

Buttons

Make any link standout more when applying the .btn class.

Notices

Basic notices or call-outs are supported using the following syntax:

**Watch out!** You can also add notices by appending `{: .notice}` to the line following paragraph.
{: .notice}

which wil render as:

Watch out! You can also add notices by appending {: .notice} to the line following paragraph.

Footnotes

Footnotes can be useful for clarifying points in the text, or citing information.¹ Markdown support numeric footnotes, as well as text as long as the values are unique.²

This is the regular text.[^1] This is more regular text.[^note]

[^1]: This is the footnote itself.
[^note]: This is another footnote.

HTML Tags

Address Tag

Anchor Tag (aka. Link)

This is an example of a link.

Abbreviation Tag

The abbreviation CSS stands for “Cascading Style Sheets”.

Cite Tag

“Code is poetry.” —Automattic

Code Tag

You will learn later on in these tests that word-wrap: break-word; will be your best friend.

You can also write larger blocks of code with syntax highlighting supported for some languages, such as Python:

print('Hello World!')

or R:

print("Hello World!", quote = FALSE)

Details Tag (collapsible sections)

The HTML <details> tag works well with Markdown and allows you to include collapsible sections, see W3Schools for more information on how to use the tag.

The source code:

<details>
  <summary>Collapsed by default</summary>
  This section was collapsed by default!
</details>

Or, you can leave a section open by default by including the open attribute in the tag:

Emphasize Tag

The emphasize tag should italicize text.

Insert Tag

This tag should denote inserted text.

Keyboard Tag

This scarcely known tag emulates keyboard text, which is usually styled like the <code> tag.

Preformatted Tag

This tag styles large blocks of code.

.post-title {
  margin: 0 0 5px;
  font-weight: bold;
  font-size: 38px;
  line-height: 1.2;
  and here's a line of some really, really, really, really long text, just to see how the PRE tag handles it and to find out how it overflows;
}

Quote Tag

Developers, developers, developers… –Steve Ballmer

Strike Tag

This tag will let you strikeout text.

Strong Tag

This tag shows bold text.

Subscript Tag

Getting our science styling on with H₂O, which should push the “2” down.

Superscript Tag

Still sticking with science and Isaac Newton’s E = MC², which should lift the 2 up.

Variable Tag

This allows you to denote variables.

Footnotes

The footnotes in the page will be returned following this line, return to the section on Markdown Footnotes.

This is a page not in the menu. You can use markdown in this page.

Heading 1

Heading 2

{% include base_path %} {% for post in site.pages %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}

{% include base_path %}

{% for post in site.portfolio %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}

{% if site.author.googlescholar %}

{% endif %}

{% include base_path %}

{% if site.publication_category %} {% for category in site.publication_category %} {% assign title_shown = false %} {% for post in site.publications reversed %} {% if post.category != category[0] %} {% continue %} {% endif %} {% unless title_shown %} <h2>{{ category[1].title }}</h2><hr /> {% assign title_shown = true %} {% endunless %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %} {% endfor %} {% else %} {% for post in site.publications reversed %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %} {% endif %}

{% if site.author.googlescholar %}

{% endif %}

{% include base_path %}

{% if site.publication_category %} {% for category in site.publication_category %} {% assign title_shown = false %} {% for post in site.publications reversed %} {% if post.category != category[0] %} {% continue %} {% endif %} {% unless title_shown %} <h2>{{ category[1].title }}</h2><hr /> {% assign title_shown = true %} {% endunless %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %} {% endfor %} {% else %} {% for post in site.publications reversed %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %} {% endif %}

{% include base_path %}

A list of all the posts and pages found on the site. For you robots out there, there is an XML version available for digesting as well.

Pages

{% for post in site.pages %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}

Posts

{% for post in site.posts %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}

{% capture written_label %}’None’{% endcapture %}

{% for collection in site.collections %} {% unless collection.output == false or collection.label == “posts” %} {% capture label %}{{ collection.label }}{% endcapture %} {% if label != written_label %}

{{ label }}

{% capture written_label %}{{ label }}{% endcapture %} {% endif %} {% endunless %} {% for post in collection.docs %} {% unless collection.output == false or collection.label == “posts” %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endunless %} {% endfor %} {% endfor %}

{% include base_path %} {% include group-by-array collection=site.posts field=”tags” %}

{% for tag in group_names %} {% assign posts = group_items[forloop.index0] %}

{{ tag }}

{% for post in posts %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %} {% endfor %}

This map is generated from a Jupyter Notebook file in talkmap.ipynb, which mines the location fields in the .md files in _talks/.

{% if site.talkmap_link == true %}

See a map of all the places I've given a talk!

{% endif %}

{% for post in site.talks reversed %} {% include archive-single-talk.html %} {% endfor %}

{% if site.talkmap_link == true %}

See a map of all the places I've given a talk!

{% endif %}

{% for post in site.talks reversed %} {% include archive-single-talk.html %} {% endfor %}

{% include base_path %}

{% for post in site.teaching reversed %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}

{% include base_path %} {% include toc %}

Privacy Policy

The privacy of my visitors is extremely important. This Privacy Policy outlines the types of personal information that is received and collected and how it is used.

First and foremost, I will never share your email address or any other personal information to anyone without your direct consent.

Log Files

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• Internet Protocol addresses (IP)
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Cookies and Web Beacons

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Google Analytics

Google Analytics is a web analytics tool I use to help understand how visitors engage with this website. It reports website trends using cookies and web beacons without identifying individual visitors. You can read Google Analytics Privacy Policy.

{% include base_path %} {% capture written_year %}’None’{% endcapture %} {% for post in site.posts %} {% if post.lang == page.lang %} {% capture year %}{{ post.date | date: ‘%Y’ }}{% endcapture %} {% if year != written_year %} <h2 id="{{ year | slugify }}" class="archive__subtitle">{{ year }}</h2> {% capture written_year %}{{ year }}{% endcapture %} {% endif %} {% include archive-single-blog.html %} {% endif %} {% endfor %}

{% include base_path %} {% capture written_year %}’None’{% endcapture %} {% for post in site.posts %} {% if post.lang == page.lang %} {% capture year %}{{ post.date | date: ‘%Y’ }}{% endcapture %} {% if year != written_year %} <h2 id="{{ year | slugify }}" class="archive__subtitle">{{ year }}</h2> {% capture written_year %}{{ year }}{% endcapture %} {% endif %} {% include archive-single-blog.html %} {% endif %} {% endfor %}

@import “jekyll-theme-primer”;

{“/resume-json”:”https://gfsalves.github.io/cv-json/”,”/resume”:”https://gfsalves.github.io/pt/cv/”,”/”:”https://gfsalves.github.io/en/”,”/md/”:”https://gfsalves.github.io/markdown/”,”/markdown.html”:”https://gfsalves.github.io/markdown/”,”/nmp/”:”https://gfsalves.github.io/non-menu-page/”,”/nmp.html”:”https://gfsalves.github.io/non-menu-page/”,”/wordpress/blog-posts/”:”https://gfsalves.github.io/pt/blog-posts/”}

Jupyter notebook markdown generator

These .ipynb files are Jupyter notebook files that convert a TSV containing structured data about talks (talks.tsv) or presentations (presentations.tsv) into individual markdown files that will be properly formatted for the academicpages template. The notebooks contain a lot of documentation about the process. The .py files are pure python that do the same things if they are executed in a terminal, they just don’t have pretty documentation.

<?xml version=”1.0” encoding=”UTF-8”?> {% if page.xsl %}<?xml-stylesheet type=”text/xsl” href=”{{ “/sitemap.xsl” | absolute_url }}”?> {% endif %} {% assign collections = site.collections | where_exp:'collection','collection.output != false' %}{% for collection in collections %}{% assign docs = collection.docs | where_exp:'doc','doc.sitemap != false' %}{% for doc in docs %}

{% if doc.last_modified_at or doc.date %}{{ doc.last_modified_at | default: doc.date | date_to_xmlschema }} {% endif %}</url> {% endfor %}{% endfor %}{% assign pages = site.html_pages | where_exp:’doc’,’doc.sitemap != false’ | where_exp:’doc’,’doc.url != “/404.html”’ %}{% for page in pages %}

{% if page.last_modified_at %}{{ page.last_modified_at | date_to_xmlschema }} {% endif %}</url> {% endfor %}{% assign static_files = page.static_files | where_exp:’page’,’page.sitemap != false’ | where_exp:’page’,’page.name != “404.html”’ %}{% for file in static_files %}

</url> {% endfor %}</urlset>

This is an item in your portfolio. It can be have images or nice text. If you name the file .md, it will be parsed as markdown. If you name the file .html, it will be parsed as HTML.

This is an item in your portfolio. It can be have images or nice text. If you name the file .md, it will be parsed as markdown. If you name the file .html, it will be parsed as HTML.

The discovery of neutrino oscillations established the fact that they are massive particles. This is a clear signal of physics beyond the Standard Model, since this theoretical framework cannot explain how the neutrino mass terms can be generated. Furthermore, because this phenomenon is strictly a quantum one it can be used to study even more the quantum realm. In this work we shall take advantage of the sensitivity of this phenomenon to new effects. Since the neutrino physics has entered a precision measurement era, we expect that such modifications can be further constrained, or even confirmed, with new experimental results. We will focus on a very special kind of effects, the Open Quantum System effects. This is an interesting theoretical framework because it is a predictive description which can also handle our lack of information about the neutrino system. For that purpose we will study the theoretical basis of neutrino oscillations and Open Quantum System effects, discuss how to include both in the time evolution of the neutrino system and investigate how the new effects can change the oscillation pattern. Finally, we will use the public data released by the IceCube experiment to analyze the consequences and also constrain such modifications.

In the usual quantum field theoretical approach, neutrino oscillations are studied diagonalizing either the mass or matter Hamiltonians. In this paper we analyze the problem from an on-shell amplitude perspective, where Lagrangians or Hamiltonians are not available. We start by studying in detail how flavor enters in the amplitudes and how the Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata (PMNS) matrix emerges. We then analyze the elastic amplitude of two neutrinos and two charged leptons that induce matter effects and propose a strategy to obtain the known results of the standard oscillation theory without Hamiltonians. Finally, we extend the previously proposed procedure and use the most general elastic 4-point amplitude to study beyond the Standard Model effects on oscillations.

We explore the neutrino sector of the minimal left-right symmetric model, with the additional charge conjugation discrete symmetry, in the tuned regime where type-I and type-II seesaw mechanisms are equally responsible for the light neutrino masses. We show that unless the charged lepton mixing matrix is the identity and the right handed neutrino mass matrix has no phases, we expect sizable lepton flavor violation and electron dipole moment in this region. We use results from recent neutrino oscillation fits, bounds on neutrinoless double beta decay, \(\mu \to e \gamma\), \(\mu \to 3e\), \(\mu \to e\) conversion in nuclei, the muon anomalous magnetic moment, the electron electric dipole moment and cosmology to determine the viability of this region. We derive stringent limits on the heavy neutrino masses and mixing angles as well as on the vacuum expectation value $$v_L$, which drives the type-II seesaw contribution, using the current data. We discuss the perspectives of probing the remaining parameter space by future experiments.

In this Letter, we show that pseudoscalar meson leptonic decay data can be used to set stringent limits on the mass \(m_{W_R}\) of a right-handed vector boson, such as the one that appears in left-right symmetric models. We have shown that for a heavy neutrino with mass \(m_N\) in the range \(50 < m_N/\text{MeV} < 1900\) one can constrain \(m_{W_R} \geq (4-19)~\text{TeV}\) at 90% C.L. This provides the most stringent experimental limit on the \(W_R\) mass to date for this heavy neutrino mass range.

We investigate the possibility of using the Short-Baseline Near Detector (SBND) at Fermilab to constrain lepton flavor violating decays of pions and kaons. We study how to leverage SBND-PRISM, the use of the neutrino beam angular spread to mitigate systematic uncertainties, to enhance this analysis. We show that SBND-PRISM can put stringent limits on the flavor violating branching ratios \(\rm{BR}(\pi^+ \to \mu^+ \nu_e) = 8.9 \times 10^{-4}\), \(\rm{BR}(K^+ \to \mu^+ \nu_e) = 3.2 \times 10^{-3}\), improving previous constraints by factors 9 and 1.25, respectively. We also estimate the SBND-PRISM sensitivity to lepton number violating decays, \(\rm{BR}(\pi^+ \to \mu^+ \overline{\nu}_e)= 2.1 \times 10^{-3}\) and \(\rm{BR}(K^+ \to \mu^+ \overline{\nu}_e) = 7.4 \times 10^{-3}\), though not reaching previous Big European Bubble Chamber (BEBC) limits. Last, we identify several ways how the SBND collaboration could improve this analysis.

The Sun is not quite a perfect sphere, and its oblateness, thought to be induced through its rotation, has been measured using optical observations of its radius. Its gravitational quadrupole moment can then be deduced using solar models, or through helioseismology, and it can also be determined from measurements of its gravitational effects on Mercury’s orbit. The various assessments do not appear to agree, with the most complete and precise orbital assessments being in slight excess of other determinations. This may speak to the existence of a nonluminous disk or ring, where we also note evidence for a circumsolar dust ring within Mercury’s orbit from the Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO) mission. Historically, too, a protoplanetary disk may have been key to reconciling the Sun’s metallicity with its neutrino yield. The distribution of the nonluminous mass within Mercury’s orbit can modify the relative size of the optical and orbital quadrupole moments in different ways. We develop how we can use these findings to limit the mass of a dark disk, ring, or halo in the immediate vicinity of the Sun, and we note how future observational studies of the inner Solar System can not only refine these constraints but can also help to identify and to assess the mass of its dark-matter component.

Heavy neutral leptons (HNLs), depending on their mass and mixing, can be efficiently produced in meson decays from the target or absorber in short- to medium-baseline accelerator neutrino experiments, leaving detectable signals through their decays inside the neutrino detectors. We show that the currently running ICARUS experiment at Fermilab can reconstruct the HNL mass and explore new HNL parameter space in the mass range of 70–190 MeV. The mass reconstruction is enabled by two ingredients: (i) simple two-body kinematics of HNL production from stopped kaon decays at the NuMI absorber, followed by HNL decay into a charged-lepton pair and neutrino at the detector, and (ii) high resolution of Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) detectors in reconstructing final state particles. Our mass reconstruction method is robust under realistic energy resolution and angular smearing of the charged leptons, and is applicable to any LArTPC detector. We also discuss the synergy between ICARUS and future facilities like DUNE near detector and PIP-II beam dump in probing the HNL parameter space.

The weak mixing angle provides a sensitive test of the Standard Model. We study SBND’s sensitivity to the weak mixing angle using neutrino-electron scattering events. We perform a detailed simulation, paying particular attention to background rejection and estimating the detector response. We find that SBND can provide a reasonable constraint on the weak mixing angle, achieving 8% precision for \(10^{21}\) protons on target, assuming an overall flux normalization uncertainty of 10%. This result is superior to those of current neutrino experiments and is relatively competitive with other low-energy measurements.

Current data on ultra-high-energy (UHE) cosmic rays suggest they are predominantly made of heavy nuclei. This indicates that the flux of neutrinos produced from proton collisions on the cosmic microwave background is small and hard to observe. Motivated by the recent extremely-high-energy muon event reported by KM3NeT, we explore the possibility of enhancing the energy-flux of cosmogenic neutrinos through nuclear photodisintegration in the presence of new physics. Specifically, we speculate that UHE neutrons may oscillate into a new state, dark (or mirror) neutron \(n'\) that in turn decays injecting large amount of energy to neutrinos, \(n \to n' \to \nu_{\text{UHE}}\). While this mechanism does not explain the tension between the KM3NeT event and null results from IceCube, it reconciles the experimental preference for a heavier cosmic ray composition with a large diffuse cosmogenic flux of UHE neutrinos.

The discovery of ultra-high-energy neutrinos by IceCube marked the beginning of neutrino astronomy. Yet, the origin and production mechanisms of these neutrinos remain open questions. With the recent observation of the highest-energy neutrino event to date by the KM3NeT collaboration, transient sources - astrophysical objects that emit particles in brief, localized bursts - have emerged as promising candidates. In this work, we revisit the identification of such sources in IceCube and future neutrino telescopes, focusing on how both the timing and sky localization of the source affect the detection sensitivity. We highlight the crucial role of the source’s right ascension in determining the effective area of detectors not located at the poles, such as KM3NeT, and present a framework to consistently account for this dependence. As a case study, we investigate evaporating primordial black holes (PBHs) as transient neutrino sources, showing that the detection prospects and localization accuracy are strongly influenced by the PBH’s position in the sky. Our results emphasize the complementarity between neutrino and gamma-ray observatories and showcase the potential of a global network of neutrino detectors to identify and localize transient events that might be missed by traditional photon-based instruments.

A black hole is expected to end its lifetime in a cataclysmic runaway burst of Hawking radiation, emitting all Standard Model particles with ultra-high energies. Thus, the explosion of a nearby primordial black hole (PBH) has been proposed as a possible explanation for the \(\sim 220\)~PeV neutrino-like event recently reported by the KM3NeT collaboration. Assuming a PBH origin, we find that the source would need to lie at a distance of approximately \(4 \times 10^{-5}\)~pc, i.e., within the Solar System, to produce the observed event. At such proximity, the resulting flux of gamma-rays and cosmic rays would be detectable at Earth. By incorporating the time-dependent field of view of gamma-ray observatories, we show that LHAASO should have recorded on the order of \({\cal O}(10^8)\) events between fourteen and seven hours prior to the KM3NeT detection. IceCube should also have detected about 100 events at the time of the burst. The absence of any such multi-messenger signal, particularly in gamma-ray data, strongly disfavors the interpretation of the KM3-230213A event as arising from evaporation in a minimal four-dimensional Schwarzschild scenario.

We explore the neutrino sector of the minimal left-right symmetric model, with the additional charge conjugation discrete symmetry, in the novel regime where type-I and type-II seesaw mechanisms are equally responsible for the light neutrino masses, which can result in large active-sterile mixing. We show that unless the charged lepton mixing matrix is the identity and the right handed neutrino mass matrix has no phases, we expect sizable lepton flavor violation and electron dipole moment in this region. We use recent results from neutrino oscillation fits, bounds on neutrinoless double beta decay, \(\mu \to e \gamma\), \(\mu \to 3e\), \(\mu \to e\) conversion in nuclei, the muon anomalous magnetic moment, the electron electric dipole moment, the CDF II determination of the \(W\) boson mass and cosmology to determine the viability of this region. We derive stringent limits on the heavy neutrino masses and mixing angles as well as on the vacuum expectation value, which drives the type-II seesaw contribution, using the current data. We discuss the perspectives of probing the remaining parameter space by future experiments.

In this talk we show that pseudoscalar meson leptonic decay data can be used to set stringent limits on the mass \(m_{W_R}\) of a right-handed vector boson, such as the one that appears in left-right symmetric models. We have shown that for a heavy neutrino with a mass \(m_N\) in the range \(50<m_N/{\rm MeV} <1900\) one can constraint \(m_{W_R} \gtrsim (4-19)\) TeV at 90% CL. This provides the most stringent experimental limits on the \(W_R\) mass to date for this heavy neutrino mass range.

In this talk we show that pseudoscalar meson leptonic decay data can be used to set stringent limits on the mass \(m_{W_R}\) of a right-handed vector boson, such as the one that appears in left-right symmetric models. We have shown that for a heavy neutrino with a mass \(m_N\) in the range \(50<m_N/{\rm MeV} <1900\) one can constraint \(m_{W_R} \gtrsim (4-19)\) TeV at 90% CL. This provides the most stringent experimental limits on the \(W_R\) mass to date for this heavy neutrino mass range.

In this talk we show that pseudoscalar meson leptonic decay data can be used to set stringent limits on the mass \(m_{W_R}\) of a right-handed vector boson, such as the one that appears in left-right symmetric models. We have shown that for a heavy neutrino with a mass \(m_N\) in the range \(50<m_N/{\rm MeV} <1900\) one can constraint \(m_{W_R} \gtrsim (4-19)\) TeV at 90% CL. This provides the most stringent experimental limits on the \(W_R\) mass to date for this heavy neutrino mass range.

In this talk we show that pseudoscalar meson leptonic decay data can be used to set stringent limits on the mass \(m_{W_R}\) of a right-handed vector boson, such as the one that appears in left-right symmetric models. We have shown that for a heavy neutrino with a mass \(m_N\) in the range \(50<m_N/{\rm MeV} <1900\) one can constraint \(m_{W_R} \gtrsim (4-19)\) TeV at 90% CL. This provides the most stringent experimental limits on the \(W_R\) mass to date for this heavy neutrino mass range.

Neutrino oscillations are a nature given interferometer and as such is a door to better explore the quantum realm. In this work we address the question of how to compute the neutrino wavepacket width from first principles based on decoherence models. We show how the relevant parameters end up fixed solely by the mother particle interactions.

The discovery of ultra-high-energy neutrinos by IceCube marked the beginning of neutrino astronomy. Yet, the origin and production mechanisms of these neutrinos remain open questions. With the recent observation of the highest-energy neutrino event to date by the KM3NeT collaboration, transient sources—astrophysical objects that emit particles in brief, localized bursts—have emerged as promising candidates. In this work, we revisit the identification of such sources in IceCube and future neutrino telescopes, focusing on how both the timing and sky localization of the source affect the detection sensitivity. We highlight the crucial role of the source’s right ascension in determining the effective area of detectors not located at the poles, such as KM3NeT, and present a framework to consistently account for this dependence. As a case study, we investigate evaporating primordial black holes (PBHs) as transient neutrino sources, showing that the detection prospects and localization accuracy are strongly influenced by the PBH’s position in the sky. Our results emphasize the complementarity between neutrino and gamma-ray observatories and showcase the potential of a global network of neutrino detectors to identify and localize transient events that might be missed by traditional photon-based instruments.

In this talk we show that pseudoscalar meson leptonic decay data can be used to set stringent limits on the mass \(m_{W_R}\) of a right-handed vector boson, such as the one that appears in left-right symmetric models. We have shown that for a heavy neutrino with a mass \(m_N\) in the range \(50<m_N/{\rm MeV} <1900\) one can constraint \(m_{W_R} \gtrsim (4-19)\) TeV at 90% CL. This provides the most stringent experimental limits on the \(W_R\) mass to date for this heavy neutrino mass range.

Nesta palestra, discutiremos a importância dos neutrinos para o avanço do nosso entendimento do mundo microscópico. A proposta é oferecer uma visão geral do tema, começando pelas tentativas de compreender o espectro do decaimento beta, passando pela descoberta dos neutrinos e seu papel fundamental na construção do Modelo Padrão, até chegarmos aos problemas em aberto na área. Ao final, comentarei também alguns tópicos que venho estudando com mais profundidade em minha pesquisa.

This is a description of a teaching experience. You can use markdown like any other post.

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This is a description of a teaching experience. You can use markdown like any other post.

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Nota: Antes de iniciar o texto, gostaria de fazer um comentário importante. O assunto motivação, sacrifício e mérito é extremamente delicado. Vivemos em um país onde já é um privilégio enorme ter a chance de escolher com o que usar o seu tempo e se esforçar. Portanto, tudo que eu disser abaixo deve ser entendido no contexto de pessoas que querem aprender alguma habilidade, passar em alguma prova e consomem conteúdos motivacionais de forma excessiva, procurando uma via de escape para lidar com a pressão. Meu ponto gira em torno da minha opinião de que, na verdade, os vídeos motivacionais podem estar te levando para a direção oposta de onde você quer chegar. Eu não acredito em meritocracia.

Eu me aventurei em alguns esportes durante a vida, mas o jiu-jitsu foi o que mais gostei e pratiquei por mais tempo. Nesse período, mesmo sendo um hobbie, eu levava o esporte a sério. Tentava sempre treinar o máximo de dias possíveis, consumia materiais com dicas, chegava antes do treino para praticar posições e buscava aprender e trabalhar as deficiências que eu notava no meu jogo.

Tá, mas o que isso tem a ver com motivação? Bem, a cultura do ambiente esportivo me ensinou muita coisa que tem aplicação em diversas áreas da vida. No fundo, aprimorar suas habilidades em algo é simplesmente um processo de aprendizado como qualquer outro. Mas, no esporte e na competição, a cultura da motivação e do sacrifício certamente se sobressai. Entre meus colegas praticantes, eu notava muita gente motivada, sempre com uma frase de efeito na ponta da língua, insistindo em bater na tecla de como estavam se doando e se levando ao extremo e, por isso, acreditavam que seriam recompensados. Mas será que foram mesmo? Não há dúvidas de que estavam submetendo o corpo a algum tipo de estresse. Porém, no quesito progresso, estavam sempre parados no tempo. O esforço deles era mal direcionado, e esforço sem direção não é progresso, é desperdício de energia.

Aposto que você encontra exemplos parecidos ao seu redor e talvez até caia nessa armadilha em alguma área da sua vida. É comum acreditar que sacrifício e merecimento andam de mãos dadas. Essa cultura é fortíssima no esporte e, eu diria, também bastante presente no ambiente de estudos, especialmente durante o ensino médio, para quem presta concursos e até na graduação.

Aqui entra meu problema com os vídeos de motivação. Eles passam a ideia de que uma conquista precisa andar de mãos dadas com um caminho de dor. E o pior, geralmente passam a falsa impressão de que você é especial, que seu trabalho e suor valem mais que os dos outros. De novo: já é um privilégio enorme ter a chance de escolher com o que se sacrificar. Se o ato de se colocar em situações de estresse fosse minimamente associado a ter retorno, o brasileiro médio seria imbatível.

Um vídeo motivacional pode ser útil para lembrar de algum propósito. O problema está quando ele desperta em você uma sensação de superioridade e te faz acreditar que o que te falta é se sacrificar mais, levando à falsa ideia de que, por levar seu corpo a um estresse maior, você merece mais do que os outros. Um exemplo clássico, deixar de ir ao aniversário de um amigo querido porque precisa estudar. Salvo casos extremos, como quando a prova é no dia seguinte e você precisa descansar, se algumas horas com amigos atrapalham seu processo, na minha opinião, você está fazendo tudo errado.

O conteúdo motivacional te cega para os reais problemas que deveria enfrentar durante seu processo de aprendizado. Isso deveria ser óbvio, já que o vídeo é sempre genérico e você é uma pessoa única. Mas, como o conteúdo é feito para te fazer sentir especial, você sempre sai com a impressão de que ele foi feito pensando em você. Às vezes, você até os usa como refúgio para não lidar com as questões importantes.

A melhor forma de fazer progresso é por meio do autoconhecimento e da autocrítica. É preciso lidar com suas dificuldades e reconhecer onde investir tempo. Esse é o ponto mais importante. As coisas podem ser difíceis, mas não precisam ser estressantes. Se direcionar sua energia para os problemas corretos, o progresso virá, independentemente do que os outros estão fazendo. Isso não significa que não haverá sacrifício. Para tudo que exige dedicação, há escolhas, e o ato de escolher já é, por si só, uma forma de sacrifício.

Por exemplo, no jiu-jitsu, eu identificava meus pontos fracos, montava um plano de treinos para praticar as posições e tentava me colocar em situações reais de combate em que aquela técnica seria necessária. Com o tempo, eu melhorava exatamente no que estava travando meu progresso. Meus colegas “motivacionais”, por outro lado, chegavam atrasados, pulavam o aquecimento, alegando não oferecer desafio suficiente, e tentavam lutar apenas com os mais experientes, acreditando que o sacrifício maior os levaria a algum lugar. Escrevendo assim, até parece piada imaginar que isso funcionaria.

Essa mesma estratégia que usei no jiu-jitsu foi exatamente o que aprendi a fazer durante a graduação e a pós-graduação. Todos esses estágios são processos individuais. Não adianta copiar o método de estudo do fulano nem estudar o mesmo número de horas do ciclano. É fundamental encontrar seu ritmo, identificar suas fraquezas e trabalhar a partir das suas necessidades. Dessa forma, você alinha seu investimento de esforço e, se quiser, de sacrifício com o seu progresso. Ver as coisas dando certo durante esse processo é o melhor prêmio. Não torne tudo que você faz em uma competição: na esmagadora maioria das vezes, você está apenas lutando sozinho(a).

Basear seu motivo para agir em vídeos motivacionais e ignorar a individualidade do processo é como não abrir um livro o ano inteiro, rezar três terços antes do vestibular e esperar gabaritar a prova. Cuide-se e conheça-se a ponto de saber o que precisa melhorar para seguir em frente. Progresso é individual e, quando você aprende a lidar consigo mesmo, tudo flui muito melhor.

💡 Gostou do que leu?

Se, em algum momento, este espaço te ajudou a enxergar algo por outro ângulo, entender melhor um conceito ou simplesmente despertou uma boa dúvida, você pode apoiar esse trabalho no Apoia-se. Mais do que manter o blog e os vídeos no ar, esse apoio sustenta um projeto que acredita no diálogo honesto sobre ciência, educação e vida acadêmica, sem fórmulas prontas, mas com muita vontade de compartilhar e aprender junto.

Obrigado por caminhar ao meu lado nessa jornada.

“Nunca conheci quem tivesse levado porrada. Todos os meus conhecidos têm sido campeões em tudo.

E eu, tantas vezes reles, tantas vezes porco, tantas vezes vil, Eu tantas vezes irrespondivelmente parasita, Indesculpavelmente sujo, Eu, que tantas vezes não tenho tido paciência para tomar banho, Eu, que tantas vezes tenho sido ridículo, absurdo, Que tenho enrolado os pés publicamente nos tapetes das etiquetas, Que tenho sido grotesco, mesquinho, submisso e arrogante, Que tenho sofrido enxovalhos e calado, Que quando não tenho calado, tenho sido mais ridículo ainda; Eu, que tenho sido cômico às criadas de hotel, Eu, que tenho sentido o piscar de olhos dos moços de fretes, Eu, que tenho feito vergonhas financeiras, pedido emprestado sem pagar, Eu, que, quando a hora do soco surgiu, me tenho agachado Para fora da possibilidade do soco; Eu, que tenho sofrido a angústia das pequenas coisas ridículas, Eu verifico que não tenho par nisto tudo neste mundo.

Toda a gente que eu conheço e que fala comigo Nunca teve um ato ridículo, nunca sofreu enxovalho, Nunca foi senão príncipe - todos eles príncipes - na vida…

Quem me dera ouvir de alguém a voz humana Que confessasse não um pecado, mas uma infâmia; Que contasse, não uma violência, mas uma cobardia! Não, são todos o Ideal, se os oiço e me falam. Quem há neste largo mundo que me confesse que uma vez foi vil? Ó príncipes, meus irmãos,

Arre, estou farto de semideuses! Onde é que há gente no mundo?

Então sou só eu que é vil e errôneo nesta terra?

Poderão as mulheres não os terem amado, Podem ter sido traídos - mas ridículos nunca! E eu, que tenho sido ridículo sem ter sido traído, Como posso eu falar com os meus superiores sem titubear? Eu, que venho sido vil, literalmente vil, Vil no sentido mesquinho e infame da vileza.”

• Fernando Pessoa

Toda vez que me lembro desse poema é impossível não associá-lo a minha experiência acadêmica. Eu escolhi fazer física para ver o processo humano por trás do desenvolvimento de uma ideia. Eu me entusiasmava com a possibilidade de alguém em uma sala, usando nada mais nada menos que sua cabeça, conseguir descobrir algo sobre o mundo que nos rodeia. Eu tinha dúvidas se eu também conseguiria fazer isso. Na graduação, me encontrei tantas vezes atrapalhado, cheio de incertezas, totalmente o contrário do que eu via acontecendo com as pessoas ao meu redor.

Quando você é colocado na universidade você entra em uma sala onde todos vem de uma realidade muito diferente e agora são submetidos as mesmas regras. O choque é gigantesco. Porém, conforme você tem acesso ao material e aos professores e desenvolve seu ritmo, você começa a notar sua evolução e ver como que o que separava você daqueles que você julgava tão avançados era apenas tempo e treino. Na medida que você amadurece não só seu conhecimento mas também como pessoa você sentirá sua admiração pelos outros flutuar ferozmente. Quando eu entrei eu colocava todos num pedestal de gênio. Na medida que fui estudando eu vi as coisas mudarem, vi que muitas dessas pessoas só gostavam de falar coisas simples de forma dificil.

Conforme os tópicos foram ficando mais dificeis e eu fui avançando na carreira, acabei vendo que o passo a passo é muito mais humano do que algo sobrenatural. A prática constante, a dedicação exclusiva, a repetição, formam a base do caminho e a tentativa e principalmente o erro, são os guias para o progresso. Nessa altura, relembrava minhas primeiras interações e via como a galera tinha um ego frágil, sempre focando em parecer ser inteligente e se aproveitando de como é fácil impressionar a galera mais nova.

De longe a graduação foi minha fase mais estressante. Porém, assim que entrei na pós graduação, encontrei uma atividade que eu era bom: errar e tentar de novo. Tive o privilégio de trabalhar com pesquisadores incríveis e acompanhar eles por trás das cenas. Fiz um estágio em um laboratório no exterior, tive contato com pessoas que viviam exclusivamente da pesquisa. Discuti física com ganhadores do prêmio nobel, com seus filhos, com seus colaboradores. Com as esperanças da área, com os potenciais grandes nomes. Vi eles trabalharem. Trabalhei com eles. Fiz perguntas até concluirmos que não sabíamos o que estávamos fazendo. Desafiei os arrognates. Me associei com os que eu admirava. Tive ideias. Testei elas. Errei. Tentei de novo. Publiquei um paper. Apresentei eles. Tive feedback. Melhorei.

Eu aprendi uma lição, que acredito que responde a minha pergunta inicial. Como as pessoas tem ideias? Bom, até o momento o melhor que eu tenho a te dizer é que a única maneira de fazer algo que funcione é criando várias coisas que não funcionam.

Conclui meu doutorado depois de onze anos. O título em si apenas coroa a trajetória, mas é complentemente vazio de significado se o caminho não te fez transbordar de propósito. Eu me diverti muito desde que me encontrei nesse percurso. Hoje vejo o mundo de outra forma. Hoje entendo o mundo de uma outra forma. Estou feliz por terminar, porém não deixa de ser triste, pois nos 4 anos de doutorado e no meu ano de estágio eu tinha certeza que estaria fazendo algo que gosto muito. Mas é preciso seguir em frente. Tenho mais três anos garantidos, vamos ver o que o futuro me espera.

💡 Gostou do que leu?

Se, em algum momento, este espaço te ajudou a enxergar algo por outro ângulo, entender melhor um conceito ou simplesmente despertou uma boa dúvida, você pode apoiar esse trabalho no Apoia-se. Mais do que manter o blog e os vídeos no ar, esse apoio sustenta um projeto que acredita no diálogo honesto sobre ciência, educação e vida acadêmica, sem fórmulas prontas, mas com muita vontade de compartilhar e aprender junto.

Obrigado por caminhar ao meu lado nessa jornada.

Sorry, but the page you were trying to view does not exist.

A variety of common markup showing how the theme styles them.

Header one

Header two

Header three

Header four

Header five

Header six

Blockquotes

Single line blockquote:

Quotes are cool.

Tables

Definition Lists

Definition List Title

Definition list division.

Startup

A startup company or startup is a company or temporary organization designed to search for a repeatable and scalable business model.

#dowork

Coined by Rob Dyrdek and his personal body guard Christopher “Big Black” Boykins, “Do Work” works as a self motivator, to motivating your friends.

Do It Live

I’ll let Bill O’Reilly explain this one.

Unordered Lists (Nested)

• List item one
  • List item one
    • List item one
    • List item two
    • List item three
    • List item four
  • List item two
  • List item three
  • List item four
• List item two
• List item three
• List item four

Ordered List (Nested)

1. List item one
   1. List item one
      1. List item one
      2. List item two
      3. List item three
      4. List item four
   2. List item two
   3. List item three
   4. List item four
2. List item two
3. List item three
4. List item four

Buttons

Make any link standout more when applying the .btn class.

Notices

Watch out! You can also add notices by appending {: .notice} to a paragraph.

HTML Tags

Address Tag

Anchor Tag (aka. Link)

This is an example of a link.

Abbreviation Tag

The abbreviation CSS stands for “Cascading Style Sheets”.

Cite Tag

“Code is poetry.” —Automattic

Code Tag

You will learn later on in these tests that word-wrap: break-word; will be your best friend.

Strike Tag

This tag will let you strikeout text.

Emphasize Tag

The emphasize tag should italicize text.

Insert Tag

This tag should denote inserted text.

Keyboard Tag

This scarcely known tag emulates keyboard text, which is usually styled like the <code> tag.

Preformatted Tag

This tag styles large blocks of code.

.post-title {
  margin: 0 0 5px;
  font-weight: bold;
  font-size: 38px;
  line-height: 1.2;
  and here's a line of some really, really, really, really long text, just to see how the PRE tag handles it and to find out how it overflows;
}

Quote Tag

Developers, developers, developers… –Steve Ballmer

Strong Tag

This tag shows bold text.

Subscript Tag

Getting our science styling on with H₂O, which should push the “2” down.

Superscript Tag

Still sticking with science and Isaac Newton’s E = MC², which should lift the 2 up.

Variable Tag

This allows you to denote variables.

.post-title {
  margin: 0 0 5px;
  font-weight: bold;
  font-size: 38px;
  line-height: 1.2;
  and here's a line of some really, really, really, really long text, just to see how the PRE tag handles it and to find out how it overflows;
}

"themes",
"theme/default",
"theme/dark",

"include/mixins",
"vendor/susy/susy",

"layout/reset",
"layout/base",

"include/utilities",
"layout/tables",
"layout/buttons",
"layout/notices",
"layout/masthead",
"layout/navigation",
"layout/footer",
"syntax",

"layout/forms",

"layout/page",
"layout/archive",
"layout/sidebar",

"vendor/font-awesome/fontawesome",
"vendor/font-awesome/solid",
"vendor/font-awesome/brands" ;

    ```mermaid
    graph LR
    A-->B
    ```

graph LR
A-->B

---
config:
  theme: 'forest'
---
graph TD;
    A-->B;
    A-->C;
    B-->D;
    C-->D;

    ```plotly
    {
      "data": [
        {
          "x": [1, 2, 3, 4],
          "y": [10, 15, 13, 17],
          "type": "scatter"
        },
        {
          "x": [1, 2, 3, 4],
          "y": [16, 5, 11, 9],
          "type": "scatter"
        }
      ]
    }
    ```

{
  "data": [
    {
      "x": [1, 2, 3, 4],
      "y": [10, 15, 13, 17],
      "type": "scatter"
    },
    {
      "x": [1, 2, 3, 4],
      "y": [16, 5, 11, 9],
      "type": "scatter"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "data": [
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      "x": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
      "y": [1, 6, 3, 6, 1],
      "mode": "markers",
      "type": "scatter",
      "name": "Team A",
      "text": ["A-1", "A-2", "A-3", "A-4", "A-5"],
      "marker": { "size": 12 }
    },
    {
      "x": [1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5],
      "y": [4, 1, 7, 1, 4],
      "mode": "markers",
      "type": "scatter",
      "name": "Team B",
      "text": ["B-a", "B-b", "B-c", "B-d", "B-e"],
      "marker": { "size": 12 }
    }    
  ],
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    "xaxis": {
      "range": [ 0.75, 5.25 ]
    },
    "yaxis": {
      "range": [0, 8]
    },
    "title": {"text": "Data Labels Hover"}
  }
}

{
  "data": [{
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    },
    {
      "x": [20, 30, 40],
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      "xaxis": "x2",
      "yaxis": "y2",
      "type": "scatter"
  }],
  "layout": {
    "grid": {
      "rows": 1,
      "columns": 2,
      "pattern": "independent"
    },
    "title": {
      "text": "Simple Subplot"
    }    
  }
}

{
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          [0.625, 1.25, 3.125, 6.25, 10.625],
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		"type": "contour"
	}],
  "layout": {
    "title": {
      "text": "Basic Contour Plot"
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  }
}

**Watch out!** You can also add notices by appending `{: .notice}` to the line following paragraph.
{: .notice}

This is the regular text.[^1] This is more regular text.[^note]

[^1]: This is the footnote itself.
[^note]: This is another footnote.

print('Hello World!')

print("Hello World!", quote = FALSE)

<details>
  <summary>Collapsed by default</summary>
  This section was collapsed by default!
</details>

.post-title {
  margin: 0 0 5px;
  font-weight: bold;
  font-size: 38px;
  line-height: 1.2;
  and here's a line of some really, really, really, really long text, just to see how the PRE tag handles it and to find out how it overflows;
}

Education

• Ph.D in Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 2025 (expected)
• Research Intership Abroad (Fellowship), Fermilab, 2023
• M.S. in Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 2020
• B.S. in Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 2018

Publications

Could a Primordial Black Hole Explosion Explain the KM3NeT Event?

Authors: Lua F. T. Airoldi, Gustavo F. S. Alves, Yuber F. Perez-Gonzalez, Gabriel M. Salla, Renata Zukanovich Funchal

Chasing Serendipity: Tackling Transient Sources with Neutrino Telescopes

Authors: Lua F. T. Airoldi, Gustavo F. S. Alves, Yuber F. Perez-Gonzalez, Gabriel M. Salla, Renata Zukanovich Funchal

Neutron portal to ultra-high energy neutrinos

Authors: Gustavo F. S. Alves, Matheus Hostert, Maxim Pospelov

Measuring the weak mixing angle at SBND

Authors: Gustavo F. S. Alves, Antonio P. Ferreira, Shirley Weishi Li, Pedro A. N. Machado, and Yuber F. Perez-Gonzalez

Mass reconstruction of heavy neutral leptons from stopped mesons

Authors: Gustavo F. S. Alves, P. S. Bhupal Dev, Kevin J. Kelly, and Pedro A. N. Machado

Published in Phys.Rev.D 111 (2025) 1, 1

Does the Sun have a dark disk?

Authors: Gustavo F. S. Alves, Susan Gardner, Pedro Machado, Mohammadreza Zakeri

Published in Phys.Rev.D 111 (2025) 8, 083057

Could SBND-PRISM probe lepton flavor violation?

Authors: Gustavo F. S. Alves, Pedro A. N. Machado, Renata Zukanovich Funchal

Published in Phys.Rev.D 110 (2024) 3, 3

Limits on \(W_R\) from meson decays

Authors: Gustavo F. S. Alves, Chee Sheng Fong, Luighi P. S. Leal, Renata Zukanovich Funchal

Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 133 (2024) 16, 16

Exploring the Neutrino Sector of the Minimal Left-Right Symmetric Model

Authors: Gustavo F. S. Alves, Chee Sheng Fong, Luighi P. S. Leal, Renata Zukanovich Funchal

On-shell approach to neutrino oscillations

Authors: Gustavo F. S. Alves, Enrico Bertuzzo, Gabriel M. Salla

Published in Phys.Rev.D 106 (2022) 3, 036028

Decoherence in Neutrino Oscillations in the IceCube Experiment

Authors: Gustavo Alves

Talks

Vendo o universo através dos neutrinos

July 02, 2025

Talk at UFSCAR, Araras, Brazil

New limits on \(W_R\) from meson decays

June 16, 2025

Talk at UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil

Chasing Serendipity: Tackling Transient Sources with Neutrino Telescopes

June 13, 2025

Talk at Sao Paulo Research Group meetings in Astro & Cosmo, Principia Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil

What is the wavepacket size of neutrinos?

July 01, 2024

Talk at Invisibles Workshop, Bologna, Italy

New limits on \(W_R\) from meson decays

December 07, 2023

Talk at WashU, St. Louis, US

New limits on \(W_R\) from meson decays

October 13, 2023

Talk at UCIrvine, Irvine, US

New limits on \(W_R\) from meson decays

August 28, 2023

Talk at Invisibles Workshop, Göttingen, Germany

New limits on \(W_R\) from meson decays

July 12, 2023

Talk at CETUP, Lead/Deadwood, US

Exploring the neutrino sector of the minimal left-right symmetric model

May 08, 2023

Talk at University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, US

Posters

• \(\textbf{(Almost) First-principle calculation of accelerator neutrino wave packet size}\), Invisibles workshop, 2024.
• \(\textbf{Could SBND-PRISM probe lepton flavor violation?}\), Neutrino, 2024.
• \(\textbf{New limits on $W_R$ from meson decays}\), Invisibles workshop, 2023.
  \(\star\) \(\textbf{Best poster award at the workshop}\)
• \(\textbf{New limits on $W_R$ from meson decays}\), Invisibles school 2023.
• \(\textbf{New limits on $W_R$ from meson decays}\) International Neutrino Summer School 2023.

Teaching Experience

• Teaching assistant and team leader, Brazilian Physics Tournament, 2022 & 2024
• Teaching assistant, Physics I and Physics II, University of Sao Paulo, 2019-2022

Outreach

• Assistant, CERN master class, University of Sao Paulo, 2017 & 2018.
• Extension project, USP-escola, University of Sao Paulo, 2016

Formação

• Doutorado em Física, Universidade de São Paulo, 2025 (esperado)
• Bolsa de estágio e pesquisa no exterior, Fermilab, 2023
• Mestre em Física, Universidade de São Paulo, 2020
• Bacharel em Física, Universidade de São Paulo, 2018

Publicações

Could a Primordial Black Hole Explosion Explain the KM3NeT Event?

Authors: Lua F. T. Airoldi, Gustavo F. S. Alves, Yuber F. Perez-Gonzalez, Gabriel M. Salla, Renata Zukanovich Funchal

Chasing Serendipity: Tackling Transient Sources with Neutrino Telescopes

Authors: Lua F. T. Airoldi, Gustavo F. S. Alves, Yuber F. Perez-Gonzalez, Gabriel M. Salla, Renata Zukanovich Funchal

Neutron portal to ultra-high energy neutrinos

Authors: Gustavo F. S. Alves, Matheus Hostert, Maxim Pospelov

Measuring the weak mixing angle at SBND

Authors: Gustavo F. S. Alves, Antonio P. Ferreira, Shirley Weishi Li, Pedro A. N. Machado, and Yuber F. Perez-Gonzalez

Mass reconstruction of heavy neutral leptons from stopped mesons

Authors: Gustavo F. S. Alves, P. S. Bhupal Dev, Kevin J. Kelly, and Pedro A. N. Machado

Published in Phys.Rev.D 111 (2025) 1, 1

Does the Sun have a dark disk?

Authors: Gustavo F. S. Alves, Susan Gardner, Pedro Machado, Mohammadreza Zakeri

Published in Phys.Rev.D 111 (2025) 8, 083057

Could SBND-PRISM probe lepton flavor violation?

Authors: Gustavo F. S. Alves, Pedro A. N. Machado, Renata Zukanovich Funchal

Published in Phys.Rev.D 110 (2024) 3, 3

Limits on \(W_R\) from meson decays

Authors: Gustavo F. S. Alves, Chee Sheng Fong, Luighi P. S. Leal, Renata Zukanovich Funchal

Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 133 (2024) 16, 16

Exploring the Neutrino Sector of the Minimal Left-Right Symmetric Model

Authors: Gustavo F. S. Alves, Chee Sheng Fong, Luighi P. S. Leal, Renata Zukanovich Funchal

On-shell approach to neutrino oscillations

Authors: Gustavo F. S. Alves, Enrico Bertuzzo, Gabriel M. Salla

Published in Phys.Rev.D 106 (2022) 3, 036028

Decoherence in Neutrino Oscillations in the IceCube Experiment

Authors: Gustavo Alves

Palestras

Vendo o universo através dos neutrinos

July 02, 2025

Talk at UFSCAR, Araras, Brazil

New limits on \(W_R\) from meson decays

June 16, 2025

Talk at UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil

Chasing Serendipity: Tackling Transient Sources with Neutrino Telescopes

June 13, 2025

Talk at Sao Paulo Research Group meetings in Astro & Cosmo, Principia Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil

What is the wavepacket size of neutrinos?

July 01, 2024

Talk at Invisibles Workshop, Bologna, Italy

New limits on \(W_R\) from meson decays

December 07, 2023

Talk at WashU, St. Louis, US

New limits on \(W_R\) from meson decays

October 13, 2023

Talk at UCIrvine, Irvine, US

New limits on \(W_R\) from meson decays

August 28, 2023

Talk at Invisibles Workshop, Göttingen, Germany

New limits on \(W_R\) from meson decays

July 12, 2023

Talk at CETUP, Lead/Deadwood, US

Exploring the neutrino sector of the minimal left-right symmetric model

May 08, 2023

Talk at University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, US

Pôsteres

• \(\textbf{(Almost) First-principle calculation of accelerator neutrino wave packet size}\), Invisibles workshop, 2024.
• \(\textbf{Could SBND-PRISM probe lepton flavor violation?}\), Neutrino, 2024.
• \(\textbf{New limits on $W_R$ from meson decays}\), Invisibles workshop, 2023.
  \(\star\) \(\textbf{Best poster award at the workshop}\)
• \(\textbf{New limits on $W_R$ from meson decays}\), Invisibles school 2023.
• \(\textbf{New limits on $W_R$ from meson decays}\) International Neutrino Summer School 2023.

Experiência com ensino

• Monitor e líder de equipe, Brazilian Physics Tournament, 2022 & 2024
• Monitor, Física I e Física II, Universidade de São Paulo, 2019-2022

Atividades de extensão

• Assistente, Master class do CERN, Universidade de São Paulo, 2017 & 2018.
• Projeto de extensão, USP-escola, Universidade de São Paulo, 2016

Welcome to my page!

My name is Gustavo, and I’m a physicist from Brazil. I am currently completing my Ph.D. and will begin a joint postdoctoral position at Fermilab and Northwestern University on October 1st.

My research focuses on the unique opportunities neutrinos offer for probing physics beyond the Standard Model (SM). Several open questions in the SM, such as the origin of neutrino masses and whether neutrinos are Dirac or Majorana particles, are deeply rooted in the mysteries of the neutrino sector. Neutrinos also serve as natural interferometers due to their oscillations, providing a powerful portal into their properties and enabling the application of techniques from diverse research fields to particle physics, an interdisciplinary connection I’m eager to explore further. I am also interested in novel applications, including the use of atomic interferometers in particle physics and the study of decoherence models to investigate hidden sectors.

In addition, I am broadly interested in searches for dark sectors, from exploring the nature of dark matter to probing the possible existence of heavy sterile states. I aim to contribute to the field by proposing innovative approaches to these questions, working at the intersection of theory and experiment, and integrating ideas across disciplines in creative ways.

Bem-vindo à minha página!

Meu nome é Gustavo, sou um físico nascido em Minas Gerais. Atualmente estou concluindo meu doutorado e iniciarei uma posição de pós-doutorado conjunta no Fermilab e na Northwestern University em 1º de outubro.

Minha pesquisa se concentra nas oportunidades únicas que os neutrinos oferecem para investigar a física além do Modelo Padrão (MP). Diversas questões em aberto no MP, como a origem das massas dos neutrinos e se eles são partículas de Dirac ou de Majorana, estão profundamente ligadas aos mistérios do setor de neutrinos. Além disso, os neutrinos funcionam como interferômetros naturais devido às suas oscilações, o que proporciona uma poderosa janela para estudar suas propriedades e possibilita a aplicação de técnicas de diferentes áreas da pesquisa à física de partículas, uma conexão interdisciplinar que tenho grande interesse em explorar com mais profundidade. Também me interesso por aplicações inovadoras, como o uso de interferômetros atômicos na física de partículas e o estudo de modelos de decoerência para investigar setores ocultos.

Além disso, tenho interesse amplo no estudo de outros setores desconhecidos, desde a investigação da natureza da matéria escura até a possível existência de estados além do MP. Pretendo contribuir com o campo propondo abordagens inovadoras para essas questões, atuando na interface entre teoria e experimento e integrando ideias de diferentes áreas de forma criativa.

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ent:””}.fa-free-code-camp:before{content:””}.fa-hornbill:before{content:””}.fa-js:before{content:””}.fa-ideal:before{content:””}.fa-git:before{content:””}.fa-dev:before{content:””}.fa-sketch:before{content:””}.fa-yandex-international:before{content:””}.fa-cc-amex:before{content:””}.fa-uber:before{content:””}.fa-github:before{content:””}.fa-php:before{content:””}.fa-alipay:before{content:””}.fa-youtube:before{content:””}.fa-skyatlas:before{content:””}.fa-firefox-browser:before{content:””}.fa-replyd:before{content:””}.fa-suse:before{content:””}.fa-jenkins:before{content:””}.fa-twitter:before{content:””}.fa-rockrms:before{content:””}.fa-pinterest:before{content:””}.fa-buffer:before{content:””}.fa-npm:before{content:””}.fa-yammer:before{content:””}.fa-btc:before{content:””}.fa-dribbble:before{content:””}.fa-stumbleupon-circle:before{content:””}.fa-internet-explorer:before{content:””}.fa-stubber:before{content:””}.fa-telegram:before{content:””}.fa-telegram-plane:before{content:””}.fa-old-republic:before{content:””}.fa-odysee:before{content:””}.fa-square-whatsapp:before{content:””}.fa-whatsapp-square:before{content:””}.fa-node-js:before{content:””}.fa-edge-legacy:before{content:””}.fa-slack:before{content:””}.fa-slack-hash:before{content:””}.fa-medrt:before{content:””}.fa-usb:before{content:””}.fa-tumblr:before{content:””}.fa-vaadin:before{content:””}.fa-quora:before{content:””}.fa-square-x-twitter:before{content:””}.fa-reacteurope:before{content:””}.fa-medium:before{content:””}.fa-medium-m:before{content:””}.fa-amilia:before{content:””}.fa-mixcloud:before{content:””}.fa-flipboard:before{content:””}.fa-viacoin:before{content:””}.fa-critical-role:before{content:””}.fa-sitrox:before{content:””}.fa-discourse:before{content:””}.fa-joomla:before{content:””}.fa-mastodon:before{content:””}.fa-airbnb:before{content:””}.fa-wolf-pack-battalion:before{content:””}.fa-buy-n-large:before{content:””}.fa-gulp:before{content:””}.fa-creative-commons-sampling-plus:before{content:””}.fa-strava:before{content:””}.fa-ember:before{content:””}.fa-canadian-maple-leaf:before{content:””}.fa-teamspeak:before{content:””}.fa-pushed:before{content:””}.fa-wordpress-simple:before{content:””}.fa-nutritionix:before{content:””}.fa-wodu:before{content:””}.fa-google-pay:before{content:””}.fa-intercom:before{content:””}.fa-zhihu:before{content:””}.fa-korvue:before{content:””}.fa-pix:before{content:””}.fa-steam-symbol:before{content:””}

Locations of key files/directories

• Basic config options: _config.yml
• Top navigation bar config: _data/navigation.yml
• Single pages: _pages/
• Collections of pages are .md or .html files in:
  • _publications/
  • _portfolio/
  • _posts/
  • _teaching/
  • _talks/
• Footer: _includes/footer.html
• Static files (like PDFs): /files/
• Profile image (can set in _config.yml): images/profile.png

Tips and hints

• Name a file “.md” to have it render in markdown, name it “.html” to render in HTML.
• Go to the commit list (on your repo) to find the last version GitHub built with Jekyll.
  • Green check: successful build
  • Orange circle: building
  • Red X: error
  • No icon: not built
• Academic Pages uses Jekyll Kramdown, GitHub Flavored Markdown (GFM) parser, which is similar to the version of Markdown used on GitHub, but may have some minor differences.
  • Some of emoji supported on GitHub should be supposed via the Jemoji plugin .
  • The best list of the supported emoji can be found in the Emojis for Jekyll via Jemoji blog post.
• While GitHub Pages prevents server side code from running, client-side scripts are supported.
  • This means that Google Analytics is supported, and the wiki should contain the most up-to-date information on getting it working.

• Your CV can be written using either Markdown (preview) or generated via JSON (preview) and the layouts are slightly different. You can update the path to the one being used in _data/navigation.yml with the JSON formatted CV being hidden by default.

• The Liquid syntax guide is a useful guide for those that want to add functionality to the template or to become contributors to the template on GitHub.

MathJax

Support for MathJax (version 3.* via jsDelivr, documentation) is included in the template:

[\displaylines{ \nabla \cdot E= \frac{\rho}{\epsilon_0} \
\nabla \cdot B=0 \
\nabla \times E= -\partial_tB \
\nabla \times B = \mu_0 \left(J + \varepsilon_0 \partial_t E \right) }]

The default delimiters of $$...$$ and \\[...\\] are supported for displayed mathematics, while \\(...\\) should be used for in-line mathematics (ex., \(a^2 + b^2 = c^2\))

Note that since Academic Pages uses Markdown which cases some interference with MathJax and LaTeX for escaping characters and new lines, although some workarounds exist. In some cases, such as when you are including MathJax in a citation field for publications, it may be necessary to use \(...\) for inline delineation.

Mermaid diagrams

Academic Pages includes support for Mermaid diagrams (version 11.* via jsDelivr) and in addition to their tutorials and GitHub documentation the basic syntax is as follows:

    ```mermaid
    graph LR
    A-->B
    ```

Which produces the following plot with the default theme applied:

graph LR
A-->B

While a more advanced plot with the forest theme applied looks like the following:

---
config:
  theme: 'forest'
---
graph TD;
    A-->B;
    A-->C;
    B-->D;
    C-->D;

Plotly

Academic Pages includes support for Plotly diagrams via a hook in the Markdown code elements, although those that are comfortable with HTML and JavaScript can also access it via those routes.

In order to render a Plotly plot via Markdown the relevant plot data need to be added as follows:

    ```plotly
    {
      "data": [
        {
          "x": [1, 2, 3, 4],
          "y": [10, 15, 13, 17],
          "type": "scatter"
        },
        {
          "x": [1, 2, 3, 4],
          "y": [16, 5, 11, 9],
          "type": "scatter"
        }
      ]
    }
    ```

Important! Since the data is parsed as JSON all of the keys will need to be quoted for the plot to render. The use of a tool like JSONLint to check syntax is highly recommended.

Which produces the following:

{
  "data": [
    {
      "x": [1, 2, 3, 4],
      "y": [10, 15, 13, 17],
      "type": "scatter"
    },
    {
      "x": [1, 2, 3, 4],
      "y": [16, 5, 11, 9],
      "type": "scatter"
    }
  ]
}

Essentially what is taking place is that the Plotly attributes are being taken from the code block as JSON data, parsed, and passed to Plotly along with a theme that matches the current site theme (i.e., a light theme, or a dark theme). This allows all plots that can be described via the data attribute to rendered with some limitations for the theme of the plot.

{
  "data": [
    {
      "x": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
      "y": [1, 6, 3, 6, 1],
      "mode": "markers",
      "type": "scatter",
      "name": "Team A",
      "text": ["A-1", "A-2", "A-3", "A-4", "A-5"],
      "marker": { "size": 12 }
    },
    {
      "x": [1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5],
      "y": [4, 1, 7, 1, 4],
      "mode": "markers",
      "type": "scatter",
      "name": "Team B",
      "text": ["B-a", "B-b", "B-c", "B-d", "B-e"],
      "marker": { "size": 12 }
    }    
  ],
  "layout": {
    "xaxis": {
      "range": [ 0.75, 5.25 ]
    },
    "yaxis": {
      "range": [0, 8]
    },
    "title": {"text": "Data Labels Hover"}
  }
}

{
  "data": [{
      "x": [1, 2, 3],
      "y": [4, 5, 6],
      "type": "scatter"
    },
    {
      "x": [20, 30, 40],
      "y": [50, 60, 70],
      "xaxis": "x2",
      "yaxis": "y2",
      "type": "scatter"
  }],
  "layout": {
    "grid": {
      "rows": 1,
      "columns": 2,
      "pattern": "independent"
    },
    "title": {
      "text": "Simple Subplot"
    }    
  }
}

{
  "data": [{
		"z": [[10, 10.625, 12.5, 15.625, 20],
          [5.625, 6.25, 8.125, 11.25, 15.625],
          [2.5, 3.125, 5.0, 8.125, 12.5],
          [0.625, 1.25, 3.125, 6.25, 10.625],
          [0, 0.625, 2.5, 5.625, 10]],
		"type": "contour"
	}],
  "layout": {
    "title": {
      "text": "Basic Contour Plot"
    }
  }
}

Markdown guide

Academic Pages uses kramdown for Markdown rendering, which has some differences from other Markdown implementations such as GitHub’s. In addition to this guide, please see the kramdown Syntax page for full documentation.

Header three

Header four

Header five

Header six

Blockquotes

Single line blockquote:

Quotes are cool.

Tables

Table 1

Table 2

Definition Lists

Definition List Title

Definition list division.

Startup

A startup company or startup is a company or temporary organization designed to search for a repeatable and scalable business model.

#dowork

Coined by Rob Dyrdek and his personal body guard Christopher “Big Black” Boykins, “Do Work” works as a self motivator, to motivating your friends.

Do It Live

I’ll let Bill O’Reilly explain this one.

Unordered Lists (Nested)

• List item one
  • List item one
    • List item one
    • List item two
    • List item three
    • List item four
  • List item two
  • List item three
  • List item four
• List item two
• List item three
• List item four

Ordered List (Nested)

1. List item one
   1. List item one
      1. List item one
      2. List item two
      3. List item three
      4. List item four
   2. List item two
   3. List item three
   4. List item four
2. List item two
3. List item three
4. List item four

Buttons

Make any link standout more when applying the .btn class.

Notices

Basic notices or call-outs are supported using the following syntax:

**Watch out!** You can also add notices by appending `{: .notice}` to the line following paragraph.
{: .notice}

which wil render as:

Watch out! You can also add notices by appending {: .notice} to the line following paragraph.

Footnotes

Footnotes can be useful for clarifying points in the text, or citing information.¹ Markdown support numeric footnotes, as well as text as long as the values are unique.²

This is the regular text.[^1] This is more regular text.[^note]

[^1]: This is the footnote itself.
[^note]: This is another footnote.

HTML Tags

Address Tag

Anchor Tag (aka. Link)

This is an example of a link.

Abbreviation Tag

The abbreviation CSS stands for “Cascading Style Sheets”.

Cite Tag

“Code is poetry.” —Automattic

Code Tag

You will learn later on in these tests that word-wrap: break-word; will be your best friend.

You can also write larger blocks of code with syntax highlighting supported for some languages, such as Python:

print('Hello World!')

or R:

print("Hello World!", quote = FALSE)

Details Tag (collapsible sections)

The HTML <details> tag works well with Markdown and allows you to include collapsible sections, see W3Schools for more information on how to use the tag.

The source code:

<details>
  <summary>Collapsed by default</summary>
  This section was collapsed by default!
</details>

Or, you can leave a section open by default by including the open attribute in the tag:

Emphasize Tag

The emphasize tag should italicize text.

Insert Tag

This tag should denote inserted text.

Keyboard Tag

This scarcely known tag emulates keyboard text, which is usually styled like the <code> tag.

Preformatted Tag

This tag styles large blocks of code.

.post-title {
  margin: 0 0 5px;
  font-weight: bold;
  font-size: 38px;
  line-height: 1.2;
  and here's a line of some really, really, really, really long text, just to see how the PRE tag handles it and to find out how it overflows;
}

Quote Tag

Developers, developers, developers… –Steve Ballmer

Strike Tag

This tag will let you strikeout text.

Strong Tag

This tag shows bold text.

Subscript Tag

Getting our science styling on with H₂O, which should push the “2” down.

Superscript Tag

Still sticking with science and Isaac Newton’s E = MC², which should lift the 2 up.

Variable Tag

This allows you to denote variables.

Footnotes

The footnotes in the page will be returned following this line, return to the section on Markdown Footnotes.

This is a page not in the menu. You can use markdown in this page.

Heading 1

Heading 2

{% include base_path %} {% for post in site.pages %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}

{% include base_path %}

{% for post in site.portfolio %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}

{% if site.author.googlescholar %}

{% endif %}

{% include base_path %}

{% if site.publication_category %} {% for category in site.publication_category %} {% assign title_shown = false %} {% for post in site.publications reversed %} {% if post.category != category[0] %} {% continue %} {% endif %} {% unless title_shown %} <h2>{{ category[1].title }}</h2><hr /> {% assign title_shown = true %} {% endunless %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %} {% endfor %} {% else %} {% for post in site.publications reversed %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %} {% endif %}

{% if site.author.googlescholar %}

{% endif %}

{% include base_path %}

{% if site.publication_category %} {% for category in site.publication_category %} {% assign title_shown = false %} {% for post in site.publications reversed %} {% if post.category != category[0] %} {% continue %} {% endif %} {% unless title_shown %} <h2>{{ category[1].title }}</h2><hr /> {% assign title_shown = true %} {% endunless %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %} {% endfor %} {% else %} {% for post in site.publications reversed %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %} {% endif %}

{% include base_path %}

A list of all the posts and pages found on the site. For you robots out there, there is an XML version available for digesting as well.

Pages

{% for post in site.pages %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}

Posts

{% for post in site.posts %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}

{% capture written_label %}’None’{% endcapture %}

{% for collection in site.collections %} {% unless collection.output == false or collection.label == “posts” %} {% capture label %}{{ collection.label }}{% endcapture %} {% if label != written_label %}

{{ label }}

{% capture written_label %}{{ label }}{% endcapture %} {% endif %} {% endunless %} {% for post in collection.docs %} {% unless collection.output == false or collection.label == “posts” %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endunless %} {% endfor %} {% endfor %}

{% include base_path %} {% include group-by-array collection=site.posts field=”tags” %}

{% for tag in group_names %} {% assign posts = group_items[forloop.index0] %}

{{ tag }}

{% for post in posts %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %} {% endfor %}

This map is generated from a Jupyter Notebook file in talkmap.ipynb, which mines the location fields in the .md files in _talks/.

{% if site.talkmap_link == true %}

See a map of all the places I've given a talk!

{% endif %}

{% for post in site.talks reversed %} {% include archive-single-talk.html %} {% endfor %}

{% if site.talkmap_link == true %}

See a map of all the places I've given a talk!

{% endif %}

{% for post in site.talks reversed %} {% include archive-single-talk.html %} {% endfor %}

{% include base_path %}

{% for post in site.teaching reversed %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}

{% include base_path %} {% include toc %}

Privacy Policy

The privacy of my visitors is extremely important. This Privacy Policy outlines the types of personal information that is received and collected and how it is used.

First and foremost, I will never share your email address or any other personal information to anyone without your direct consent.

Log Files

Like many other websites, this site uses log files to help learn about when, from where, and how often traffic flows to this site. The information in these log files include:

• Internet Protocol addresses (IP)
• Types of browser
• Internet Service Provider (ISP)
• Date and time stamp
• Referring and exit pages
• Number of clicks

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When you visit this site “convenience” cookies are stored on your computer when you submit a comment to help you log in faster to Disqus the next time you leave a comment.

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Google Analytics

Google Analytics is a web analytics tool I use to help understand how visitors engage with this website. It reports website trends using cookies and web beacons without identifying individual visitors. You can read Google Analytics Privacy Policy.

{% include base_path %} {% capture written_year %}’None’{% endcapture %} {% for post in site.posts %} {% if post.lang == page.lang %} {% capture year %}{{ post.date | date: ‘%Y’ }}{% endcapture %} {% if year != written_year %} <h2 id="{{ year | slugify }}" class="archive__subtitle">{{ year }}</h2> {% capture written_year %}{{ year }}{% endcapture %} {% endif %} {% include archive-single-blog.html %} {% endif %} {% endfor %}

{% include base_path %} {% capture written_year %}’None’{% endcapture %} {% for post in site.posts %} {% if post.lang == page.lang %} {% capture year %}{{ post.date | date: ‘%Y’ }}{% endcapture %} {% if year != written_year %} <h2 id="{{ year | slugify }}" class="archive__subtitle">{{ year }}</h2> {% capture written_year %}{{ year }}{% endcapture %} {% endif %} {% include archive-single-blog.html %} {% endif %} {% endfor %}

@import “jekyll-theme-primer”;

{“/resume-json”:”https://gfsalves.github.io/cv-json/”,”/resume”:”https://gfsalves.github.io/pt/cv/”,”/”:”https://gfsalves.github.io/en/”,”/md/”:”https://gfsalves.github.io/markdown/”,”/markdown.html”:”https://gfsalves.github.io/markdown/”,”/nmp/”:”https://gfsalves.github.io/non-menu-page/”,”/nmp.html”:”https://gfsalves.github.io/non-menu-page/”,”/wordpress/blog-posts/”:”https://gfsalves.github.io/pt/blog-posts/”}

Jupyter notebook markdown generator

These .ipynb files are Jupyter notebook files that convert a TSV containing structured data about talks (talks.tsv) or presentations (presentations.tsv) into individual markdown files that will be properly formatted for the academicpages template. The notebooks contain a lot of documentation about the process. The .py files are pure python that do the same things if they are executed in a terminal, they just don’t have pretty documentation.

<?xml version=”1.0” encoding=”UTF-8”?> {% if page.xsl %}<?xml-stylesheet type=”text/xsl” href=”{{ “/sitemap.xsl” | absolute_url }}”?> {% endif %} {% assign collections = site.collections | where_exp:'collection','collection.output != false' %}{% for collection in collections %}{% assign docs = collection.docs | where_exp:'doc','doc.sitemap != false' %}{% for doc in docs %}

{% if doc.last_modified_at or doc.date %}{{ doc.last_modified_at | default: doc.date | date_to_xmlschema }} {% endif %}</url> {% endfor %}{% endfor %}{% assign pages = site.html_pages | where_exp:’doc’,’doc.sitemap != false’ | where_exp:’doc’,’doc.url != “/404.html”’ %}{% for page in pages %}

{% if page.last_modified_at %}{{ page.last_modified_at | date_to_xmlschema }} {% endif %}</url> {% endfor %}{% assign static_files = page.static_files | where_exp:’page’,’page.sitemap != false’ | where_exp:’page’,’page.name != “404.html”’ %}{% for file in static_files %}

</url> {% endfor %}</urlset>

This is an item in your portfolio. It can be have images or nice text. If you name the file .md, it will be parsed as markdown. If you name the file .html, it will be parsed as HTML.

This is an item in your portfolio. It can be have images or nice text. If you name the file .md, it will be parsed as markdown. If you name the file .html, it will be parsed as HTML.

A black hole is expected to end its lifetime in a cataclysmic runaway burst of Hawking radiation, emitting all Standard Model particles with ultra-high energies. Thus, the explosion of a nearby primordial black hole (PBH) has been proposed as a possible explanation for the \(\sim 220\)~PeV neutrino-like event recently reported by the KM3NeT collaboration. Assuming a PBH origin, we find that the source would need to lie at a distance of approximately \(4 \times 10^{-5}\)~pc, i.e., within the Solar System, to produce the observed event. At such proximity, the resulting flux of gamma-rays and cosmic rays would be detectable at Earth. By incorporating the time-dependent field of view of gamma-ray observatories, we show that LHAASO should have recorded on the order of \({\cal O}(10^8)\) events between fourteen and seven hours prior to the KM3NeT detection. IceCube should also have detected about 100 events at the time of the burst. The absence of any such multi-messenger signal, particularly in gamma-ray data, strongly disfavors the interpretation of the KM3-230213A event as arising from evaporation in a minimal four-dimensional Schwarzschild scenario.

The discovery of ultra-high-energy neutrinos by IceCube marked the beginning of neutrino astronomy. Yet, the origin and production mechanisms of these neutrinos remain open questions. With the recent observation of the highest-energy neutrino event to date by the KM3NeT collaboration, transient sources - astrophysical objects that emit particles in brief, localized bursts - have emerged as promising candidates. In this work, we revisit the identification of such sources in IceCube and future neutrino telescopes, focusing on how both the timing and sky localization of the source affect the detection sensitivity. We highlight the crucial role of the source’s right ascension in determining the effective area of detectors not located at the poles, such as KM3NeT, and present a framework to consistently account for this dependence. As a case study, we investigate evaporating primordial black holes (PBHs) as transient neutrino sources, showing that the detection prospects and localization accuracy are strongly influenced by the PBH’s position in the sky. Our results emphasize the complementarity between neutrino and gamma-ray observatories and showcase the potential of a global network of neutrino detectors to identify and localize transient events that might be missed by traditional photon-based instruments.

Current data on ultra-high-energy (UHE) cosmic rays suggest they are predominantly made of heavy nuclei. This indicates that the flux of neutrinos produced from proton collisions on the cosmic microwave background is small and hard to observe. Motivated by the recent extremely-high-energy muon event reported by KM3NeT, we explore the possibility of enhancing the energy-flux of cosmogenic neutrinos through nuclear photodisintegration in the presence of new physics. Specifically, we speculate that UHE neutrons may oscillate into a new state, dark (or mirror) neutron \(n'\) that in turn decays injecting large amount of energy to neutrinos, \(n \to n' \to \nu_{\text{UHE}}\). While this mechanism does not explain the tension between the KM3NeT event and null results from IceCube, it reconciles the experimental preference for a heavier cosmic ray composition with a large diffuse cosmogenic flux of UHE neutrinos.

The weak mixing angle provides a sensitive test of the Standard Model. We study SBND’s sensitivity to the weak mixing angle using neutrino-electron scattering events. We perform a detailed simulation, paying particular attention to background rejection and estimating the detector response. We find that SBND can provide a reasonable constraint on the weak mixing angle, achieving 8% precision for \(10^{21}\) protons on target, assuming an overall flux normalization uncertainty of 10%. This result is superior to those of current neutrino experiments and is relatively competitive with other low-energy measurements.

Heavy neutral leptons (HNLs), depending on their mass and mixing, can be efficiently produced in meson decays from the target or absorber in short- to medium-baseline accelerator neutrino experiments, leaving detectable signals through their decays inside the neutrino detectors. We show that the currently running ICARUS experiment at Fermilab can reconstruct the HNL mass and explore new HNL parameter space in the mass range of 70–190 MeV. The mass reconstruction is enabled by two ingredients: (i) simple two-body kinematics of HNL production from stopped kaon decays at the NuMI absorber, followed by HNL decay into a charged-lepton pair and neutrino at the detector, and (ii) high resolution of Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) detectors in reconstructing final state particles. Our mass reconstruction method is robust under realistic energy resolution and angular smearing of the charged leptons, and is applicable to any LArTPC detector. We also discuss the synergy between ICARUS and future facilities like DUNE near detector and PIP-II beam dump in probing the HNL parameter space.

The Sun is not quite a perfect sphere, and its oblateness, thought to be induced through its rotation, has been measured using optical observations of its radius. Its gravitational quadrupole moment can then be deduced using solar models, or through helioseismology, and it can also be determined from measurements of its gravitational effects on Mercury’s orbit. The various assessments do not appear to agree, with the most complete and precise orbital assessments being in slight excess of other determinations. This may speak to the existence of a nonluminous disk or ring, where we also note evidence for a circumsolar dust ring within Mercury’s orbit from the Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO) mission. Historically, too, a protoplanetary disk may have been key to reconciling the Sun’s metallicity with its neutrino yield. The distribution of the nonluminous mass within Mercury’s orbit can modify the relative size of the optical and orbital quadrupole moments in different ways. We develop how we can use these findings to limit the mass of a dark disk, ring, or halo in the immediate vicinity of the Sun, and we note how future observational studies of the inner Solar System can not only refine these constraints but can also help to identify and to assess the mass of its dark-matter component.

We investigate the possibility of using the Short-Baseline Near Detector (SBND) at Fermilab to constrain lepton flavor violating decays of pions and kaons. We study how to leverage SBND-PRISM, the use of the neutrino beam angular spread to mitigate systematic uncertainties, to enhance this analysis. We show that SBND-PRISM can put stringent limits on the flavor violating branching ratios \(\rm{BR}(\pi^+ \to \mu^+ \nu_e) = 8.9 \times 10^{-4}\), \(\rm{BR}(K^+ \to \mu^+ \nu_e) = 3.2 \times 10^{-3}\), improving previous constraints by factors 9 and 1.25, respectively. We also estimate the SBND-PRISM sensitivity to lepton number violating decays, \(\rm{BR}(\pi^+ \to \mu^+ \overline{\nu}_e)= 2.1 \times 10^{-3}\) and \(\rm{BR}(K^+ \to \mu^+ \overline{\nu}_e) = 7.4 \times 10^{-3}\), though not reaching previous Big European Bubble Chamber (BEBC) limits. Last, we identify several ways how the SBND collaboration could improve this analysis.

In this Letter, we show that pseudoscalar meson leptonic decay data can be used to set stringent limits on the mass \(m_{W_R}\) of a right-handed vector boson, such as the one that appears in left-right symmetric models. We have shown that for a heavy neutrino with mass \(m_N\) in the range \(50 < m_N/\text{MeV} < 1900\) one can constrain \(m_{W_R} \geq (4-19)~\text{TeV}\) at 90% C.L. This provides the most stringent experimental limit on the \(W_R\) mass to date for this heavy neutrino mass range.

We explore the neutrino sector of the minimal left-right symmetric model, with the additional charge conjugation discrete symmetry, in the tuned regime where type-I and type-II seesaw mechanisms are equally responsible for the light neutrino masses. We show that unless the charged lepton mixing matrix is the identity and the right handed neutrino mass matrix has no phases, we expect sizable lepton flavor violation and electron dipole moment in this region. We use results from recent neutrino oscillation fits, bounds on neutrinoless double beta decay, \(\mu \to e \gamma\), \(\mu \to 3e\), \(\mu \to e\) conversion in nuclei, the muon anomalous magnetic moment, the electron electric dipole moment and cosmology to determine the viability of this region. We derive stringent limits on the heavy neutrino masses and mixing angles as well as on the vacuum expectation value $$v_L$, which drives the type-II seesaw contribution, using the current data. We discuss the perspectives of probing the remaining parameter space by future experiments.

In the usual quantum field theoretical approach, neutrino oscillations are studied diagonalizing either the mass or matter Hamiltonians. In this paper we analyze the problem from an on-shell amplitude perspective, where Lagrangians or Hamiltonians are not available. We start by studying in detail how flavor enters in the amplitudes and how the Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata (PMNS) matrix emerges. We then analyze the elastic amplitude of two neutrinos and two charged leptons that induce matter effects and propose a strategy to obtain the known results of the standard oscillation theory without Hamiltonians. Finally, we extend the previously proposed procedure and use the most general elastic 4-point amplitude to study beyond the Standard Model effects on oscillations.

The discovery of neutrino oscillations established the fact that they are massive particles. This is a clear signal of physics beyond the Standard Model, since this theoretical framework cannot explain how the neutrino mass terms can be generated. Furthermore, because this phenomenon is strictly a quantum one it can be used to study even more the quantum realm. In this work we shall take advantage of the sensitivity of this phenomenon to new effects. Since the neutrino physics has entered a precision measurement era, we expect that such modifications can be further constrained, or even confirmed, with new experimental results. We will focus on a very special kind of effects, the Open Quantum System effects. This is an interesting theoretical framework because it is a predictive description which can also handle our lack of information about the neutrino system. For that purpose we will study the theoretical basis of neutrino oscillations and Open Quantum System effects, discuss how to include both in the time evolution of the neutrino system and investigate how the new effects can change the oscillation pattern. Finally, we will use the public data released by the IceCube experiment to analyze the consequences and also constrain such modifications.

A black hole is expected to end its lifetime in a cataclysmic runaway burst of Hawking radiation, emitting all Standard Model particles with ultra-high energies. Thus, the explosion of a nearby primordial black hole (PBH) has been proposed as a possible explanation for the \(\sim 220\)~PeV neutrino-like event recently reported by the KM3NeT collaboration. Assuming a PBH origin, we find that the source would need to lie at a distance of approximately \(4 \times 10^{-5}\)~pc, i.e., within the Solar System, to produce the observed event. At such proximity, the resulting flux of gamma-rays and cosmic rays would be detectable at Earth. By incorporating the time-dependent field of view of gamma-ray observatories, we show that LHAASO should have recorded on the order of \({\cal O}(10^8)\) events between fourteen and seven hours prior to the KM3NeT detection. IceCube should also have detected about 100 events at the time of the burst. The absence of any such multi-messenger signal, particularly in gamma-ray data, strongly disfavors the interpretation of the KM3-230213A event as arising from evaporation in a minimal four-dimensional Schwarzschild scenario.

The discovery of ultra-high-energy neutrinos by IceCube marked the beginning of neutrino astronomy. Yet, the origin and production mechanisms of these neutrinos remain open questions. With the recent observation of the highest-energy neutrino event to date by the KM3NeT collaboration, transient sources - astrophysical objects that emit particles in brief, localized bursts - have emerged as promising candidates. In this work, we revisit the identification of such sources in IceCube and future neutrino telescopes, focusing on how both the timing and sky localization of the source affect the detection sensitivity. We highlight the crucial role of the source’s right ascension in determining the effective area of detectors not located at the poles, such as KM3NeT, and present a framework to consistently account for this dependence. As a case study, we investigate evaporating primordial black holes (PBHs) as transient neutrino sources, showing that the detection prospects and localization accuracy are strongly influenced by the PBH’s position in the sky. Our results emphasize the complementarity between neutrino and gamma-ray observatories and showcase the potential of a global network of neutrino detectors to identify and localize transient events that might be missed by traditional photon-based instruments.

Current data on ultra-high-energy (UHE) cosmic rays suggest they are predominantly made of heavy nuclei. This indicates that the flux of neutrinos produced from proton collisions on the cosmic microwave background is small and hard to observe. Motivated by the recent extremely-high-energy muon event reported by KM3NeT, we explore the possibility of enhancing the energy-flux of cosmogenic neutrinos through nuclear photodisintegration in the presence of new physics. Specifically, we speculate that UHE neutrons may oscillate into a new state, dark (or mirror) neutron \(n'\) that in turn decays injecting large amount of energy to neutrinos, \(n \to n' \to \nu_{\text{UHE}}\). While this mechanism does not explain the tension between the KM3NeT event and null results from IceCube, it reconciles the experimental preference for a heavier cosmic ray composition with a large diffuse cosmogenic flux of UHE neutrinos.

The weak mixing angle provides a sensitive test of the Standard Model. We study SBND’s sensitivity to the weak mixing angle using neutrino-electron scattering events. We perform a detailed simulation, paying particular attention to background rejection and estimating the detector response. We find that SBND can provide a reasonable constraint on the weak mixing angle, achieving 8% precision for \(10^{21}\) protons on target, assuming an overall flux normalization uncertainty of 10%. This result is superior to those of current neutrino experiments and is relatively competitive with other low-energy measurements.

Heavy neutral leptons (HNLs), depending on their mass and mixing, can be efficiently produced in meson decays from the target or absorber in short- to medium-baseline accelerator neutrino experiments, leaving detectable signals through their decays inside the neutrino detectors. We show that the currently running ICARUS experiment at Fermilab can reconstruct the HNL mass and explore new HNL parameter space in the mass range of 70–190 MeV. The mass reconstruction is enabled by two ingredients: (i) simple two-body kinematics of HNL production from stopped kaon decays at the NuMI absorber, followed by HNL decay into a charged-lepton pair and neutrino at the detector, and (ii) high resolution of Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) detectors in reconstructing final state particles. Our mass reconstruction method is robust under realistic energy resolution and angular smearing of the charged leptons, and is applicable to any LArTPC detector. We also discuss the synergy between ICARUS and future facilities like DUNE near detector and PIP-II beam dump in probing the HNL parameter space.

The Sun is not quite a perfect sphere, and its oblateness, thought to be induced through its rotation, has been measured using optical observations of its radius. Its gravitational quadrupole moment can then be deduced using solar models, or through helioseismology, and it can also be determined from measurements of its gravitational effects on Mercury’s orbit. The various assessments do not appear to agree, with the most complete and precise orbital assessments being in slight excess of other determinations. This may speak to the existence of a nonluminous disk or ring, where we also note evidence for a circumsolar dust ring within Mercury’s orbit from the Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO) mission. Historically, too, a protoplanetary disk may have been key to reconciling the Sun’s metallicity with its neutrino yield. The distribution of the nonluminous mass within Mercury’s orbit can modify the relative size of the optical and orbital quadrupole moments in different ways. We develop how we can use these findings to limit the mass of a dark disk, ring, or halo in the immediate vicinity of the Sun, and we note how future observational studies of the inner Solar System can not only refine these constraints but can also help to identify and to assess the mass of its dark-matter component.

We investigate the possibility of using the Short-Baseline Near Detector (SBND) at Fermilab to constrain lepton flavor violating decays of pions and kaons. We study how to leverage SBND-PRISM, the use of the neutrino beam angular spread to mitigate systematic uncertainties, to enhance this analysis. We show that SBND-PRISM can put stringent limits on the flavor violating branching ratios \(\rm{BR}(\pi^+ \to \mu^+ \nu_e) = 8.9 \times 10^{-4}\), \(\rm{BR}(K^+ \to \mu^+ \nu_e) = 3.2 \times 10^{-3}\), improving previous constraints by factors 9 and 1.25, respectively. We also estimate the SBND-PRISM sensitivity to lepton number violating decays, \(\rm{BR}(\pi^+ \to \mu^+ \overline{\nu}_e)= 2.1 \times 10^{-3}\) and \(\rm{BR}(K^+ \to \mu^+ \overline{\nu}_e) = 7.4 \times 10^{-3}\), though not reaching previous Big European Bubble Chamber (BEBC) limits. Last, we identify several ways how the SBND collaboration could improve this analysis.

In this Letter, we show that pseudoscalar meson leptonic decay data can be used to set stringent limits on the mass \(m_{W_R}\) of a right-handed vector boson, such as the one that appears in left-right symmetric models. We have shown that for a heavy neutrino with mass \(m_N\) in the range \(50 < m_N/\text{MeV} < 1900\) one can constrain \(m_{W_R} \geq (4-19)~\text{TeV}\) at 90% C.L. This provides the most stringent experimental limit on the \(W_R\) mass to date for this heavy neutrino mass range.

We explore the neutrino sector of the minimal left-right symmetric model, with the additional charge conjugation discrete symmetry, in the tuned regime where type-I and type-II seesaw mechanisms are equally responsible for the light neutrino masses. We show that unless the charged lepton mixing matrix is the identity and the right handed neutrino mass matrix has no phases, we expect sizable lepton flavor violation and electron dipole moment in this region. We use results from recent neutrino oscillation fits, bounds on neutrinoless double beta decay, \(\mu \to e \gamma\), \(\mu \to 3e\), \(\mu \to e\) conversion in nuclei, the muon anomalous magnetic moment, the electron electric dipole moment and cosmology to determine the viability of this region. We derive stringent limits on the heavy neutrino masses and mixing angles as well as on the vacuum expectation value $$v_L$, which drives the type-II seesaw contribution, using the current data. We discuss the perspectives of probing the remaining parameter space by future experiments.

In the usual quantum field theoretical approach, neutrino oscillations are studied diagonalizing either the mass or matter Hamiltonians. In this paper we analyze the problem from an on-shell amplitude perspective, where Lagrangians or Hamiltonians are not available. We start by studying in detail how flavor enters in the amplitudes and how the Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata (PMNS) matrix emerges. We then analyze the elastic amplitude of two neutrinos and two charged leptons that induce matter effects and propose a strategy to obtain the known results of the standard oscillation theory without Hamiltonians. Finally, we extend the previously proposed procedure and use the most general elastic 4-point amplitude to study beyond the Standard Model effects on oscillations.

The discovery of neutrino oscillations established the fact that they are massive particles. This is a clear signal of physics beyond the Standard Model, since this theoretical framework cannot explain how the neutrino mass terms can be generated. Furthermore, because this phenomenon is strictly a quantum one it can be used to study even more the quantum realm. In this work we shall take advantage of the sensitivity of this phenomenon to new effects. Since the neutrino physics has entered a precision measurement era, we expect that such modifications can be further constrained, or even confirmed, with new experimental results. We will focus on a very special kind of effects, the Open Quantum System effects. This is an interesting theoretical framework because it is a predictive description which can also handle our lack of information about the neutrino system. For that purpose we will study the theoretical basis of neutrino oscillations and Open Quantum System effects, discuss how to include both in the time evolution of the neutrino system and investigate how the new effects can change the oscillation pattern. Finally, we will use the public data released by the IceCube experiment to analyze the consequences and also constrain such modifications.